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Believing that the codification and progressive
development of the law of treaties achieved in the present Convention will promote
the purposes of the United Nations set forth in the Charter, namely, the maintenance
of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations and
the achievement of co-operation among nations,
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ARTICLE-2: Use of terms [go to this ARTICLE]
... 1. For the purposes of the present Convention: ...
ARTICLE-7: Full powers [go to this ARTICLE]
... 1. A person is considered as representing a State
for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text
of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent
of the State to be bound by a treaty if: ...
... 1. A person is considered as representing a State
for the purpose of adopting or authenticating the text
of a treaty or for the purpose of expressing the consent
of the State to be bound by a treaty if: ...
... (b) it appears from the practice of the States concerned
or from other circumstances that their intention was
to consider that person as representing the State for
such purposes and to dispense with full powers. ...
... (a) Heads of State, Heads of Government and Ministers for
Foreign Affairs, for the purpose of performing all
acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty; ...
... (b) heads of diplomatic missions, for the purpose of adopting
the text of a treaty between the accrediting State
and the State to which they are accredited; ...
... (c) representatives accredited by States to an international
conference or to an international organization or one
of its organs, for the purpose of adopting the text
of a treaty in that conference, organization or organ. ...
ARTICLE-8: Subsequent confirmation of an act performed without
authorization [go to this ARTICLE]
... An act relating to the conclusion of a treaty
performed by a person who cannot be considered under
article 7 as authorized to represent a State for that
purpose is without legal effect unless afterwards confirmed by that State. ...
ARTICLE-12: Consent to be bound by a treaty expressed by signature [go to this ARTICLE]
... 2. For the purposes of paragraph 1: ...
ARTICLE-18: Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose
of a treaty prior to its entry into force [go to this ARTICLE]
... A State is obliged to refrain from acts which
would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when: ...
ARTICLE-19: Formulation of reservations [go to this ARTICLE]
... (c) in cases not falling under sub-paragraphs (a) and (b),
the reservation is incompatible with the object and
purpose of the treaty. ...
ARTICLE-20: Acceptance of and objection to reservations [go to this ARTICLE]
...
2. When it appears from the limited number of the negotiating
States and the object and purpose of a treaty that the
application of the treaty in its entirety between all
the parties is an essential condition of the consent
of each one to be bound by the treaty, a reservation requires acceptance
by all the parties.
...
... 5. For the purposes of paragraphs 2 and 4 and unless the treaty
otherwise provides, a reservation is considered to have
been accepted by a State if it shall have raised no objection
to the reservation by the end of a period of twelve months
after it was notified of the reservation or by the date on which
it expressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, whichever is later. ...
ARTICLE-31: General rule of interpretation [go to this ARTICLE]
... 1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith
in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to
the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose.
...
...
2. The context for the purpose of the interpretation
of a treaty shall comprise, in addition to the text,
including its preamble and annexes: ...
ARTICLE-33: Interpretation of treaties authenticated in two
or more languages [go to this ARTICLE]
...
4. Except where a particular text prevails in accordance
with paragraph 1, when a comparison of the authentic
texts discloses a difference of meaning which the application
of articles 31 and 32 does not remove, the meaning which
best reconciles the texts, having regard to the object and purpose of the
treaty, shall be adopted. ...
ARTICLE-41: Agreements to modify multilateral treaties between
certain of the parties only [go to this ARTICLE]
... (ii) does not relate to a provision, derogation from which
is incompatible with the effective execution of the
object and purpose of the treaty as a whole. ...
ARTICLE-53: Treaties conflicting with a peremptory norm of
general international law (jus cogens) [go to this ARTICLE]
... A treaty is void if, at the time of its conclusion,
it conflicts with a peremptory norm of general international
law. For the purposes of the present Convention, a peremptory
norm of general international law is a norm accepted
and recognized by the international community of States as a whole
as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can be modified
only by a subsequent norm of general international law having the same
character. ...
ARTICLE-58: Suspension of the operation of a multilateral
treaty by agreement between certain of the parties only [go to this ARTICLE]
ARTICLE-60: Termination or suspension of the operation of
a treaty as a consequence of its breach [go to this ARTICLE]
... (b) the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment
of the object or purpose of the treaty. ...