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Fields of co-operation
To attain these aims, the participating States will make use
of every suitable opportunity to co-operate in the field of
environment and, in particular, within the areas described below
as examples:
Control of air pollution
Desulphurization of fossil fuels and exhaust gases,
pollution control of heavy metals, particles, aerosols, nitrogen
oxides, in particular those emitted by transport, power stations,
and other industrial plants; systems and methods of observation
and control of air pollution and its effects, including long-
range transport of air pollutants;
Water pollution control and fresh water utilization
Prevention and control of water pollution, in particular of
transboundary rivers and international lakes; techniques for the
improvement of the quality of water and further development of
ways and means for industrial and municipal sewage effluent
purification; methods of assessment of fresh water resources and
the improvement of their utilization, in particular by developing
methods of production which are less polluting and lead to less
consumption of fresh water;
Protection of the marine environment
Protection of the marine environment of participating
States, and especially the Mediterranean Sea, from pollutants
emanating from land-based sources and those from ships and other
vessels, notably the harmful substances listed in Annexes I and
II to the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution
by the Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters; problems of
maintaining marine ecological balances and food chains, in
particular such problems as may arise from the exploration and
exploitation of biological and mineral resources of the seas and
the sea-bed;
Land utilization and soils
Problems associated with more effective use of lands,
including land amelioration, reclamation and recultivation;
control of soil pollution, water and air erosion, as well as
other forms of soil degradation; maintaining and increasing the
productivity of soils with due regard for the possible negative
effects of the application of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides;
Nature conservation and nature reserves
Protection of nature and nature reserves; conservation and
maintenance of existing genetic resources, especially rare animal
and plant species; conservation of natural ecological systems;
establishment of nature reserves and other protected landscapes
and areas, including their use for research, tourism, recreation
and other purposes;
Improvement of environmental conditions in areas of human settlement
Environmental conditions associated with transport, housing,
working areas, urban development and planning, water supply and
sewage disposal systems; assessment of harmful effects of noise,
and noise control methods; collection, treatment and utilization
of wastes, including the recovery and recycling of materials;
research on substitutes for non-biodegradable substances;
Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes
Study of changes in climate, landscapes and ecological
balances under the impact of both natural factors and human
activities; forecasting of possible genetic changes in flora and
fauna as a result of environmental pollution; harmonization of
statistical data, development of scientific concepts and systems
of monitoring networks, standardized methods of observation,
measurement and assessment of changes in the biosphere;
assessment of the effects of environmental pollution levels and
degradation of the environment upon human health; study and
development of criteria and standards for various environmental
pollutants and regulation regarding production and use of various
products;