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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the
existence of elements common to their traditions and values can
assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to
search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity
of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their
efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing
confidence, solving the problems that separate them and
cooperating in the interest of mankind; ...
... Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the
existence of elements common to their traditions and values can
assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to
search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity
of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their
efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing
confidence, solving the problems that separate them and
cooperating in the interest of mankind; ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... Accordingly, the participating States recognize that they
may, at their own discretion and with a view to contributing to
confidence-building, notify their major military movements. ...
... In particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and
with a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by
invitation among their military delegations. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Having considered the views expressed on various subjects
related to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint
efforts aimed at promoting détente and disarmament, the
participating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in this
context, proceed, in particular, from the following essential
considerations: ...
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among the
participating countries as long as they are developing from the
economic point of view; reaffirming their will to co-operate for
the achievement of the aims and objectives established by the
appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the pertinent
documents concerning development, it being understood that each
participating State maintains the positions it has taken on them;
giving special attention to the least developed countries, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... note the importance of monetary and financial questions for
the development of international trade, and will endeavour to
deal with them with a view to contributing to the continuous
expansion of trade; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... recognize that new forms of industrial co-operation can be
applied with a view to meeting specific needs; ...
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and
will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and
increasing all forms of business contacts between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective
qualified personnel; ...
... consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding
industrial co-operation contracts, should devote due attention to
provisions concerning the extension of the necessary mutual
assistance and the provision of the necessary information during
the implementation of these contracts, in particular with a view
to attaining the required technical level and quality of the
products resulting from such co-operation; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... consider that possibilities for projects of common interest
with a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist in the
following fields: ...
... exchanges of electrical energy within Europe with a view to
utilizing the capacity of the electrical power stations as
rationally as possible;
...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Express their view that scientific and technological co-
operation should, in particular, employ the following forms and
methods: ...
... consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular on
general problems of orientation and administration of research
and the question of a better use of large-scale scientific and
experimental equipment on a co-operative basis; ...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to study, with a view to their solution, those environmental
problems which, by their nature, are of a multilateral,
bilateral, regional or sub-regional dimension; as well as to
encourage the development of an interdisciplinary approach to
environmental problems;
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... express their willingness, with a view to improving
international rail transport and with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, to work towards the
elimination of difficulties arising from disparities in existing
international legal provisions governing the reciprocal railway
transport of passengers and goods between their territories; ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the exchange of information, including relevant
laws and regulations, studies, data and documentation relating to
tourism, and by improving statistics with a view to facilitating
their comparability;
...
... examining the possibilities of exchanging specialists and
students in the field of tourism, with a view to improving their
qualifications;
...
... will pursue their co-operation in the field of tourism
bilaterally and multilaterally with a view to attaining the above
objectives. ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
... to regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin
to attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to
increasing, within the framework of their economic development,
appropriate opportunities for employment, thereby facilitating
the reintegration of these workers on their return home. ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to intensify their efforts and their co-operation on a
bilateral and multilateral basis with the non - participating
Mediterranean States directed towards the improvement of the
environment of the Mediterranean, especially the safeguarding of
the biological resources and ecological balance of the sea, by
appropriate measures including the prevention and control of
pollution; to this end, and in view of the present situation, to
cooperate through competent international organizations and in
particular within the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP);
...
... The participating States would seek, in the framework of
their multilateral efforts, to encourage progress and appropriate
initiatives and to proceed to an exchange of views on the
attainment of the above purposes. ...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will view favourably the possibilities of arrangements
between periodical publications as well as between newspapers
from the participating States, for the purpose of exchanging and
publishing articles;
...
... they will encourage the exchange of technical information as
well as the organization of joint research and meetings devoted
to the exchange of experience and views between experts in the
field of the press, radio and television.
...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... (a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a
view to a better knowledge of respective cultural achievements, ...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions
concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available books
as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far
as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to promote
the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias,
with a view to improving the presentation of each country;
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the exchange of information among interested
parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the
participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate,
such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a
view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a
calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of
the appropriate international organizations;
...
... encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable
development, and a possible harmonization among interested
parties, of the technical means used for the dissemination of
culture might have on the development of cultural co-operation
and exchanges, while keeping in view the preservation of the
diversity and originality, of their respective cultures;
...
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... facilitating, while taking full account of the international
copyright conventions to which they are party, international
contacts and communications between authors and publishing
houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view
to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing
artists and artistic groups with a view to their working
together, making known their works in other participating States
or exchanging views on topics relevant to their common activity;
...
... encourage in this way contacts among creative and performing
artists and artistic groups with a view to their working
together, making known their works in other participating States
or exchanging views on topics relevant to their common activity;
...
... study other possibilities for developing exchanges and co-
operation among persons active in the field of culture, with a
view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural fife of the
participating States.
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the exchange of knowledge in the realm of cultural
diversity, with a view to contributing thus to a better
understanding by interested parties of such diversity where it
occurs;
...
... the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and
television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings
among producers, technicians and representatives of the
public authorities with a view to working out favourable
conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and
by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the
establishment of international filming teams;
...
... a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible
harmonization of the different systems used to inventory
and catalogue the historical monuments and places of
cultural interest in their countries;
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to promote, within the framework of adult education, the
further development of specialized programmes, adapted to various
needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages to their own
inhabitants and the languages of host countries to interested
adults from other countries; in this context to encourage
interested institutions to co-operate, for example, in the
elaboration of programmes for teaching by radio and television
and by accelerated methods, and also, where desirable, in the
definition of study objectives for such programmes, with a view
to arriving at comparable levels of language proficiency;
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... (a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the
implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the
tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of
the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their
mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development
of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of
détente in the future;
...
... The Government of the Republic of Finland is requested to
transmit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the text
of this Final Act, which is not eligible for registration under
Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations, with a view to
its circulation to all the members of the Organization as an
official document of the United Nations. ...