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... The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, which
opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva from 18
September 1973 to 21 July 1975, was concluded at Helsinki on 1
August 1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,
France, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of
Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the
United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia. ...
... Motivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples,
to improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in
Europe to peace, security, justice and co-operation as well as to
rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of the
world, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming their objective of promoting better relations
among themselves and ensuring conditions in which their people
can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat to or
attempt against their security; ...
... Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make détente both
a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive
process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the
results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
will be a major contribution to this process; ...
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
... Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well
as their common interest in the development of co-operation
throughout Europe and among themselves and expressing their
intention to pursue efforts accordingly; ...
... Recognizing the close link between peace and security in
Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the need for
each of them to make its contribution to the strengthening of
world peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental
rights, economic and social progress and well-being for all
peoples; ...
... Recognizing the close link between peace and security in
Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the need for
each of them to make its contribution to the strengthening of
world peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental
rights, economic and social progress and well-being for all
peoples; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice
and the continuing development of friendly relations and co-
operation; ...
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
PAGE: V. Peaceful settlement of disputes [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will settle disputes among them by
peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international
peace and security, and justice. ...
... Participating States, parties to a dispute among them, as
well as other participating States, will refrain from any action
which might aggravate the situation to such a degree as to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and
thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to
determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with
their legal obligations under international law; they will
furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... To make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful means
any dispute between them, the continuance of which is likely
to endanger the maintenance of international peace and
security in Europe, and to seek, first of all, a solution
through the peaceful means set forth in Article 33 of the
United Nations Charter.
To refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful
settlement of disputes between the participating States.
...
... Convinced that the peaceful settlement of disputes is a
complement to refraining from the threat or use of force, both
being essential though not exclusive factors for the maintenance
and consolidation of peace and security; ...
... Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a
generally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of
disputes aimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue
to this end to work upon the "Draft Convention on a European
System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes" submitted by
Switzerland during the second stage of the Conference on Security
and Co-operation in Europe, as well as other proposals relating
to it and directed towards the elaboration of such a method.
...
PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Desirous of eliminating the causes of tension that may exist
among them and thus of contributing to the strengthening of peace
and security in the world; ...
... Determined to strengthen confidence among them and thus to
contribute to increasing stability and security in Europe; ...
... Convinced of the political importance of prior notification
of major military manoeuvres for the promotion of mutual
understanding and the strengthening of confidence, stability and
security; ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize that they can contribute
further to strengthening confidence and increasing security and
stability, and to this end may also notify smaller-scale military
manoeuvres to other participating States, with special regard for
those near the area of such manoeuvres. ...
... In the same spirit, further consideration will be given by
the States participating in the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe to the question of prior notification of
major military movements, bearing in mind, in particular, the
experience gained by the implementation of the measures which are
set forth in this document. ...
PAGE: II Questions relating to disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Having considered the views expressed on various subjects
related to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint
efforts aimed at promoting détente and disarmament, the
participating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in this
context, proceed, in particular, from the following essential
considerations: ...
... The interrelation between the security of each participating
State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship
which exists, in the broader context of world security, between
security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;
...
... The interrelation between the security of each participating
State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship
which exists, in the broader context of world security, between
security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;
...
... The interrelation between the security of each participating
State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship
which exists, in the broader context of world security, between
security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;
...
... The interrelation between the security of each participating
State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship
which exists, in the broader context of world security, between
security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;
...
... The interrelation between the security of each participating
State and security in Europe as a whole and the relationship
which exists, in the broader context of world security, between
security in Europe and security in the Mediterranean area;
...
... Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
...
... Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
...
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that their efforts to develop co-operation in the
fields of trade, industry, science and technology, the
environment and other areas of economic activity contribute to
the reinforcement of peace and security in Europe and in the
world as a whole, ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... to ensure equality of rights between migrant workers and
nationals of the host countries with regard to conditions of
employment and work and to social security, and to endeavour to
ensure that migrant workers may enjoy satisfactory living
conditions, especially housing conditions; ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that security in Europe is to be considered in the
broader context of world security and is closely linked with
security in the Mediterranean area as a whole, and that
accordingly the process of improving security should not be
confined to Europe but should extend to other parts of the world,
and in particular to the Mediterranean area, ...
... Convinced that security in Europe is to be considered in the
broader context of world security and is closely linked with
security in the Mediterranean area as a whole, and that
accordingly the process of improving security should not be
confined to Europe but should extend to other parts of the world,
and in particular to the Mediterranean area, ...
... Convinced that security in Europe is to be considered in the
broader context of world security and is closely linked with
security in the Mediterranean area as a whole, and that
accordingly the process of improving security should not be
confined to Europe but should extend to other parts of the world,
and in particular to the Mediterranean area, ...
... Convinced that security in Europe is to be considered in the
broader context of world security and is closely linked with
security in the Mediterranean area as a whole, and that
accordingly the process of improving security should not be
confined to Europe but should extend to other parts of the world,
and in particular to the Mediterranean area, ...
... Believing that the strengthening of security and the
intensification of co-operation in Europe would stimulate
positive processes in the Mediterranean region, and expressing
their intention to contribute towards peace, security and justice
in the region, in which ends the participating States and the
non-participating Mediterranean States have a common interest, ...
... Believing that the strengthening of security and the
intensification of co-operation in Europe would stimulate
positive processes in the Mediterranean region, and expressing
their intention to contribute towards peace, security and justice
in the region, in which ends the participating States and the
non-participating Mediterranean States have a common interest, ...
... to seek, by further improving their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States, to increase mutual
confidence, so as to promote security and stability in the
Mediterranean area as a whole;
...
... In order to advance the objectives set forth above, the
participating States also declare their intention of maintaining
and amplifying the contacts and dialogue as initiated by the CSCE
with the non-participating Mediterranean States to include all
the States of the Mediterranean, with the purpose of contributing
to peace, reducing armed forces in the region, strengthening
security, lessening tensions in the region, and widening the
scope of co-operation, ends in which all share a common interest,
as well as with the purpose of defining further common
objectives. ...
PAGE: (b) Reunification of Families [go to this PAGE]
... The receiving participating State will take appropriate care
with regard to employment for persons from other participating
States who take up permanent residence in that State in connexion
with family reunification with its citizens and see that they are
afforded opportunities equal to those enjoyed by its own citizens
for education, medical assistance and social security. ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... to ease regulations concerning movement of citizens from the
other participating States in their territory, with due regard to
security requirements.
...
PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists [go to this PAGE]
... ease, on a basis of reciprocity, procedures for arranging
travel by journalists of the participating States in the country
where they are exercising their profession, and to provide
progressively greater opportunities for such travel, subject to
the observance of regulations relating to the existence of areas
closed for security reasons,
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... Having considered and evaluated the progress made at the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, ...
... Considering further that, within the broader context of the
world, the Conference is an important part of the process of
improving security and developing co-operation in Europe and that
its results will contribute significantly to this process, ...
... Intending to implement the provisions of the Final Act of
the Conference in order to give full effect to its results and
thus to further the process of improving security and developing
co-operation in Europe, ...
... (a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the
implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the
tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of
the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their
mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development
of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of
détente in the future;
...