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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
... Expressing their common adherence to the principles which
are set forth below and are in conformity with the Charter of the
United Nations, as well as their common will to act, in the
application of these principles, in conformity with the purposes
and principles of the Charter of the United Nations; ...
PAGE: II. Refraining from the threat or use of force [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will refrain in their mutual
relations, as well as in their international relations in
general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and
with the present Declaration. No consideration may be invoked to
serve to warrant resort to the threat or use of force in
contravention of this principle. ...
... Accordingly, the participating States will refrain from any
acts constituting a threat of force or direct or indirect use of
force against another participating State. Likewise they will
refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of
inducing another participating State to renounce the full
exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise they will also refrain
in their mutual relations from any act of reprisal by force. ...
PAGE: IV. Territorial integrity of States [go to this PAGE]
... Accordingly, they will refrain from any action inconsistent
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations against the territorial integrity, political independence
or the unity of any participating State, and in particular from
any such action constituting a threat or use of force. ...
PAGE: V. Peaceful settlement of disputes [go to this PAGE]
... For this purpose they will use such means as negotiation,
enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial
settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice including
any settlement procedure agreed to in advance of disputes to
which they are parties. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
PAGE: VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will respect the equal rights of
peoples and their right to self-determination, acting at all
times in conformity with the purposes and principles of the
Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of
international law, including those relating to territorial
integrity of States. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... To refrain from any use of armed forces inconsistent with
the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations and the provisions of the Declaration on Principles
Guiding Relations between Participating States, against
another participating State, in particular from invasion of
or attack on its territory.
...
... To refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose
of inducing another participating State to renounce the full
exercise of its sovereign rights.
...
... To promote, by all means which each of them considers
appropriate, a climate of confidence and respect among
peoples consonant with their duty to refrain from propaganda
for wars of aggression or for any threat or use of force
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and
with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between
Participating States, against another participating State.
...
PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Determined further to refrain in their mutual relations, as
well as in their international relations in general, from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of any State, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the
Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating
States as adopted in this Final Act; ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... Notification will contain information of the designation, if
any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the
manoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces
engaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The
participating States will also, if possible, provide additional
relevant information, particularly that related to the components
of the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these
forces. ...
PAGE: Business contacts and facilities [go to this PAGE]
... will take measures further to improve conditions for the
expansion of contacts between representatives of official bodies,
of the different organizations, enterprises, firms and banks
concerned with foreign trade, in particular, where useful,
between sellers and users of products and services, for the
purpose of studying commercial possibilities, concluding
contracts, ensuring their implementation and providing after-
sales services; ...
... by examining as favourably as possible requests for the
establishment of permanent representation and of offices for this
purpose, including, where appropriate, the opening of joint
offices by two or more firms;
...
... by encouraging the provision, on conditions as favourable as
possible and equal for all representatives of the above/mentioned
bodies, of hotel accommodation, means of communication, and of
other facilities normally required by them, as well as of
suitable business and residential premises for purposes of
permanent representation;
...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Protection of nature and nature reserves; conservation and
maintenance of existing genetic resources, especially rare animal
and plant species; conservation of natural ecological systems;
establishment of nature reserves and other protected landscapes
and areas, including their use for research, tourism, recreation
and other purposes; ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage the efforts of the countries of origin directed
towards increasing the possibilities of employment for their
nationals in their own territories, in particular by developing
economic co-operation appropriate for this purpose and suitable
for the host countries and the countries of origin concerned; ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the development of good-neighbourly relations
with the non-participating Mediterranean States in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations, on which their relations are based, and with the United
Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States and accordingly,
in this context, to conduct their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the spirit of the
principles set forth in the Declaration on Principles Guiding
Relations between Participating States;
...
... In order to advance the objectives set forth above, the
participating States also declare their intention of maintaining
and amplifying the contacts and dialogue as initiated by the CSCE
with the non-participating Mediterranean States to include all
the States of the Mediterranean, with the purpose of contributing
to peace, reducing armed forces in the region, strengthening
security, lessening tensions in the region, and widening the
scope of co-operation, ends in which all share a common interest,
as well as with the purpose of defining further common
objectives. ...
... In order to advance the objectives set forth above, the
participating States also declare their intention of maintaining
and amplifying the contacts and dialogue as initiated by the CSCE
with the non-participating Mediterranean States to include all
the States of the Mediterranean, with the purpose of contributing
to peace, reducing armed forces in the region, strengthening
security, lessening tensions in the region, and widening the
scope of co-operation, ends in which all share a common interest,
as well as with the purpose of defining further common
objectives. ...
... The participating States would seek, in the framework of
their multilateral efforts, to encourage progress and appropriate
initiatives and to proceed to an exchange of views on the
attainment of the above purposes. ...
PAGE: (a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties [go to this PAGE]
... In order to promote further development of contacts on the
basis of family ties the participating States will favourably
consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing
persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a
regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their
families. ...
PAGE: (b) Reunification of Families [go to this PAGE]
... Applications for the purpose of family reunification which
are not granted may be renewed at the appropriate level and will
be reconsidered at reasonably short intervals by the authorities
of the country of residence or destination, whichever is
concerned; under such circumstances fees will be charged only
when applications are granted. ...
PAGE: (c) Marriage between Citizens of Different States [go to this PAGE]
... The processing and issuing of the documents required for the
above purposes and for the marriage will be in accordance with
the provisions accepted for family reunification. ...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... To facilitate the improvement of the dissemination, on their
territory, of newspapers and printed publications, periodical and
non-periodical, from the other participating States. For this
purpose: ...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will view favourably the possibilities of arrangements
between periodical publications as well as between newspapers
from the participating States, for the purpose of exchanging and
publishing articles;
...
PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists [go to this PAGE]
... enable journalists of the other participating States,
whether permanently or temporarily accredited, to transmit
completely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by the
participating States to the information organs which they
represent, the results of their professional activity, including
tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the purpose of
publication or of broadcasting on the radio or television.
...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of
appropriate international organizations, the possible creation in
Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which would
collect information from the participating countries and make it
available to its correspondents on their request, and to convene
for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested States;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the preparation, translation and publication of articles,
studies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and of
artistic and literary collections, suited to making better
known respective cultural achievements, envisaging for this
purpose meetings among experts and representatives of
publishing houses;
...
... the implementation of joint projects for conserving,
restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical
and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest,
with the help, in appropriate cases, of international
organizations of a governmental or non-governmental
character as well as of private institutions - competent and
active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
- periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
- the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
- a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;
- the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... facilitating travel between the participating States by
scholars, teachers and students for purposes of study, teaching
and research as well as for improving knowledge of each other's
educational, cultural and scientific achievements;
...
... promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements
and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in
good time with more detailed information about their placing in
universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for
them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly,
scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their
travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or
research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of
the usual procedures;
...