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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming their objective of promoting better relations
among themselves and ensuring conditions in which their people
can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat to or
attempt against their security; ...
... Recognizing the close link between peace and security in
Europe and in the world as a whole and conscious of the need for
each of them to make its contribution to the strengthening of
world peace and security and to the promotion of fundamental
rights, economic and social progress and well-being for all
peoples; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of
civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and
freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the
human person and are essential for his free and full development. ...
... They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in
their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,
including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote
universal and effective respect for them. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... To promote, by all means which each of them considers
appropriate, a climate of confidence and respect among
peoples consonant with their duty to refrain from propaganda
for wars of aggression or for any threat or use of force
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and
with the Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between
Participating States, against another participating State.
...
PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Taking into account considerations relevant to efforts aimed
at lessening tension and promoting disarmament; ...
... Recognizing that the exchange of observers by invitation at
military manoeuvres will help to promote contacts and mutual
understanding; ...
... Convinced of the political importance of prior notification
of major military manoeuvres for the promotion of mutual
understanding and the strengthening of confidence, stability and
security; ...
... Accepting the responsibility of each of them to promote
these objectives and to implement this measure, in accordance
with the accepted criteria and modalities, as essentials for the
realization of these objectives; ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize that there are other
means by which their common objectives can be promoted. ...
... In particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and
with a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by
invitation among their military delegations. ...
PAGE: II Questions relating to disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Having considered the views expressed on various subjects
related to the strengthening of security in Europe through joint
efforts aimed at promoting détente and disarmament, the
participating States, when engaged in such efforts, will, in this
context, proceed, in particular, from the following essential
considerations: ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that co-operation in these fields would promote
economic and social progress and the improvement of the
conditions of life, ...
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts
towards the solution of major world economic problems such as
food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and
therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing to the
continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...
... Considering that the guidelines and concrete recommendations
contained in the following texts are aimed at promoting further
development of their mutual economic relations, and convinced
that their co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... are resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities of
their economic co-operation, the expansion of their mutual trade
in goods and services, and to ensure conditions favourable to
such development; ...
... will give due attention to measures for the promotion of
trade and the diversification of its structure; ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... will promote the publication and dissemination of economic
and commercial information at regular intervals and as quickly as
possible, in particular: ...
... information allowing forecasts of development of the economy
to assist in trade promotion, for example, information on the
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes;
...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage the improvement of conditions for the
implementation of measures to promote trade and to satisfy the
needs of users in respect of imported products, in particular
through market research and advertising measures as well as,
where useful, the establishment of supply facilities, the
furnishing of spare parts, the functioning of after sales
services, and the training of the necessary local technical
personnel; ...
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... note that in promoting industrial co-operation they should
bear in mind the economic structures and the development levels
of their countries; ...
... express their willingness to promote measures designed to
create favourable conditions for industrial co-operation; ...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... express their readiness to promote international agreements
and other appropriate arrangements on acceptance of certificates
of conformity with standards and technical regulations; ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the need to facilitate trade and to promote the
application of new forms of industrial co-operation, ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... promoting the progressive development, codification and
implementation of international law as one means of preserving
and enhancing the human environment, including principles and
practices, as accepted by them, relating to pollution and other
environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction
or control of their States affecting other countries and regions;
...
... supporting and promoting the implementation of relevant
international Conventions to which they are parties, in
particular those designed to prevent and combat marine and fresh
water pollution, recommending States to ratify Conventions which
have already been signed, as well as considering possibilities of
accepting other appropriate Conventions to which they are not
parties at present;
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... consider it desirable to promote, while allowing for their
particular national circumstances in this sector, the
harmonization of administrative and technical provisions
concerning safety in road, rail, river, air and sea transport; ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... Promotion of tourism ...
... facilitating the activities of foreign travel agencies and
passenger transport companies in the promotion of international
tourism;
...
PAGE: Training of personnel [go to this PAGE]
... declare themselves willing to encourage co-operation in this
field notably by promoting exchange of information on the subject
of institutions, programmes and methods of training and advanced
training open to professional staff and technicians in the
various sectors of economic activity and especially in those of
management, public planning, agriculture and commercial and
banking techniques; ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the development of good-neighbourly relations
with the non-participating Mediterranean States in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations, on which their relations are based, and with the United
Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States and accordingly,
in this context, to conduct their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the spirit of the
principles set forth in the Declaration on Principles Guiding
Relations between Participating States;
...
... to seek, by further improving their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States, to increase mutual
confidence, so as to promote security and stability in the
Mediterranean area as a whole;
...
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
... to contribute to a diversified development of the economies
of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, whilst taking
due account of their national development objectives, and to
cooperate with them, especially in the sectors of industry,
science and technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more harmonious
development of economic relations;
...
... to promote further contacts and co-operation with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in other relevant fields.
...
PAGE: (a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties [go to this PAGE]
... In order to promote further development of contacts on the
basis of family ties the participating States will favourably
consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing
persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a
regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their
families. ...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States consider that tourism contributes
to a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other
countries, to the growth of understanding among peoples, to the
improvement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They
intend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual or
collective basis, and, in particular, they intend: ...
... to promote visits to their respective countries by
encouraging the provision of appropriate facilities and the
simplification and expediting of necessary formalities relating
to such visits;
...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... To promote the improvement of the dissemination of filmed
and broadcast information. To this end: ...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that cultural exchanges and co-operation
contribute to a better comprehension among people and among
peoples, and thus promote a lasting understanding among States, ...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions
concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available books
as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far
as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to promote
the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias,
with a view to improving the presentation of each country;
...
... to promote the systematic exchange, between the institutions
concerned and publishing houses, of catalogues of available books
as well as of pre-publication material which will include, as far
as possible, all forthcoming publications; and also to promote
the exchange of material between firms publishing encyclopaedias,
with a view to improving the presentation of each country;
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements -
works, experiences and performing arts - in the various fields of
culture of their countries, and to that end to make the best
possible efforts, in accordance with their competence, more
particularly: ...
... to promote wider dissemination of books and artistic works,
in particular by such means as:
- facilitating, while taking full account of the international copyright conventions to which they are party, international contacts and communications between authors and publishing houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;
- recommending that, in determining the size of editions, publishing houses take into account also the demand from the other participating States, and that rights of sale in other participating States be granted, where possible, to several sales organizations of the importing countries, by agreement between interested partners;
- encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of works by authors from the other participating States available in the original and in translation in their libraries and bookshops;
- promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the number of sales outlets where books by authors from the other participating States, imported in the original on the basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are for sale;
- promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in the
sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity,
produced in the languages of the other participating States,
especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and the
publication and dissemination of the translated works by
such measures as:
- encouraging more regular contacts between interested publishing houses;
- developing their efforts in the basic and advanced training of translators;
- encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing houses of their countries to publish translations;
- facilitating the exchange between publishers and interested institutions of lists of books which might be translated;
- promoting between their countries the professional activity and co-operation of translators;
- carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting translations and their dissemination;
- improving and expanding exchanges of books, bibliographies and catalogue cards between libraries;
... promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the
number of sales outlets where books by authors from the
other participating States, imported in the original on the
basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are
for sale;
...
... promoting, on a wider scale, the translation of works in the
sphere of literature and other fields of cultural activity,
produced in the languages of the other participating States,
especially from the less widely-spoken languages, and the
publication and dissemination of the translated works by
such measures as:
- encouraging more regular contacts between interested publishing houses;
- developing their efforts in the basic and advanced training of translators;
- encouraging, by appropriate means, the publishing houses of their countries to publish translations;
- facilitating the exchange between publishers and interested institutions of lists of books which might be translated;
- promoting between their countries the professional activity and co-operation of translators;
- carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting translations and their dissemination;
... promoting between their countries the professional
activity and co-operation of translators;
...
... carrying out joint studies on ways of further promoting
translations and their dissemination;
...
... to encourage the competent bodies and enterprises to make a
wider choice and effect wider distribution of full-length and
documentary films from the other participating States, and to
promote more frequent non-commercial showings, such as premi
res,
film weeks and festivals, giving due consideration to films from
countries whose cinematographic works are less well known;
...
... to promote, by appropriate means, the extension of
opportunities for specialists from the other participating States
to work with materials of a cultural character from film and
audio-visual archives, within the framework of the existing rules
for work on such archival materials;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... promote for persons active in the field of culture, travel
and meetings including, where necessary, those carried out on the
basis of agreements, contracts or other special arrangements and
which are relevant to their cultural co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... To encourage the search for new fields and forms of cultural
co-operation, to these ends contributing to the conclusion among
interested parties, where necessary, of appropriate agreements
and arrangements, and in this context to promote: ...
... the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and
television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings
among producers, technicians and representatives of the
public authorities with a view to working out favourable
conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and
by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the
establishment of international filming teams;
...
PAGE: (a) Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... promoting the conclusion of direct arrangements between
universities and other institutions of higher education and
research, in the framework of agreements between governments
where appropriate;
...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements
and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in
good time with more detailed information about their placing in
universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for
them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly,
scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their
travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or
research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of
the usual procedures;
...
... promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by
fostering the exchange of information on the organization,
duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of
assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and,
where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic
degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements,
where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and
other institutions of higher learning and research;
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the exchange of information on the experience
acquired in the training of language teachers and to intensify
exchanges on a bilateral basis of language teachers and students
as well as to facilitate their participation in summer courses in
languages and civilizations, wherever these are organized;
...
... to promote the wider spread of foreign language study among
the different types of secondary education establishments and
greater possibilities of choice between an increased number of
European languages; and in this context to consider, wherever
appropriate, the possibilities for developing the recruitment and
training of teachers as well as the organization of the student
groups required;
...
... to promote, within the framework of adult education, the
further development of specialized programmes, adapted to various
needs and interests, for teaching foreign languages to their own
inhabitants and the languages of host countries to interested
adults from other countries; in this context to encourage
interested institutions to co-operate, for example, in the
elaboration of programmes for teaching by radio and television
and by accelerated methods, and also, where desirable, in the
definition of study objectives for such programmes, with a view
to arriving at comparable levels of language proficiency;
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... To promote the exchange of experience, on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, in teaching methods at all levels of
education, including those used in permanent and adult education,
as well as the exchange of teaching materials, in particular by: ...
... encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting
mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each
country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on
technical innovations in the field of education.
...