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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty [go to this PAGE]
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations
and persons have a relevant and positive role to play in
contributing toward the achievement of these aims of their
co-operation. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Having taken into account the work already undertaken by
relevant international organizations and wishing to take
advantage of the possibilities offered by these organizations, in
particular by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
for giving effect to the provisions of the final documents of the
Conference, ...
... Having taken into account the work already undertaken by
relevant international organizations and wishing to take
advantage of the possibilities offered by these organizations, in
particular by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
for giving effect to the provisions of the final documents of the
Conference, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... consider it appropriate to create favourable conditions for
the participation of firms, organizations and enterprises in the
development of trade. ...
PAGE: Business contacts and facilities [go to this PAGE]
... will take measures further to improve conditions for the
expansion of contacts between representatives of official bodies,
of the different organizations, enterprises, firms and banks
concerned with foreign trade, in particular, where useful,
between sellers and users of products and services, for the
purpose of studying commercial possibilities, concluding
contracts, ensuring their implementation and providing after-
sales services; ...
... will encourage organizations, enterprises and firms
concerned with foreign trade to take measures to accelerate the
conduct of business negotiations; ...
... will further take measures aimed at improving working
conditions of representatives of foreign organizations,
enterprises, firms and banks concerned with external trade,
particularly as follows: ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... other information to help businessmen in commercial
contacts, for example, periodic directories, lists, and where
possible, organizational charts of firms and organizations
concerned with foreign trade;
...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage organizations, enterprises and firms
concerned with foreign trade to develop further the knowledge and
techniques required for effective marketing; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... propose to encourage the development of industrial
co-operation between the competent organizations, enterprises and
firms of their countries; ...
... note that industrial co-operation is implemented by means of
contracts concluded between competent organizations, enterprises
and firms on the basis of economic considerations; ...
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and
will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and
increasing all forms of business contacts between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective
qualified personnel; ...
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Considering it desirable that the competent organizations,
enterprises and firms of all countries should be given the
possibility of indicating their interest in participating in such
projects, and, in case of agreement, of taking part in their
implementation, ...
... regard it as necessary to encourage, where appropriate, the
investigation by competent and interested organizations,
enterprises and firms of the possibilities for the carrying out
of projects of common interest in the fields of energy resources
and of the exploitation of raw materials, as well as of transport
and communications; ...
... regard it as desirable that organizations, enterprises and
firms exploring the possibilities of taking part in projects of
common interest exchange with their potential partners, through
the appropriate channels, the requisite economic, legal,
financial and technical information pertaining to these projects; ...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... consider it desirable to increase international co-operation
on standardization, in particular by supporting the activities of
intergovernmental and other appropriate organizations in this
field. ...
PAGE: Arbitration [go to this PAGE]
... recommend, where appropriate, to organizations, enterprises
and firms in their countries, to include arbitration clauses in
commercial contracts and industrial co-operation contracts, or in
special agreements; ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that it is for the potential partners, i.e. the
competent organizations, institutions, enterprises, scientists
and technologists of the participating States to determine the
opportunities for mutually beneficial co-operation and to develop
its details, ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchange and circulation of books, periodicals and other
scientific and technological publications and papers among
interested organizations, scientific and technological
institutions, enterprises and scientists and technologists, as
well as participation in international programmes for the
abstracting and indexing of publications;
...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage, where possible and appropriate, national and
international efforts by their interested organizations,
enterprises and firms in the development, production and
improvement of equipment designed for monitoring, protecting and
enhancing the environment.
...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... advocating the inclusion, where appropriate and possible, of
the various areas of co-operation into the programmes of work of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, supporting
such co-operation within the framework of the Commission and of
the United Nations Environment Programme, and taking into account
the work of other competent international organizations of which
they are members;
...
... making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and utilizing
the possibilities and capabilities of various competent
international organizations.
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... Taking into account the work being carried out on these
subjects by existing international organizations, especially by
the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe, ...
... express the desire for intensification of the work being
carried out by existing international organizations in the field
of transport, especially that of the Inland Transport Committee
of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and express
their intention to contribute thereto by their efforts; ...
... consider that examination by the participating States of the
possibility of their accession to the different conventions or to
membership of international organizations specializing in
transport matters, as well as their efforts to implement
conventions when ratified, could contribute to the strengthening
of their co-operation in this field. ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... Taking due account of the activities of the competent
international organizations, more particularly the International
Labour Organisation, in this area, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to intensify their efforts and their co-operation on a
bilateral and multilateral basis with the non - participating
Mediterranean States directed towards the improvement of the
environment of the Mediterranean, especially the safeguarding of
the biological resources and ecological balance of the sea, by
appropriate measures including the prevention and control of
pollution; to this end, and in view of the present situation, to
cooperate through competent international organizations and in
particular within the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP);
...
PAGE: 1. Human Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... Make it their aim to facilitate freer movement and contacts,
individually and collectively, whether privately or officially,
among persons, institutions and organizations of the
participating States, and to contribute to the solution of the
humanitarian problems that arise in that connexion, ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and
organizations, practising within the constitutional framework of
the participating States, and their representatives can, in the
field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among
themselves and exchange information. ...
PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People [go to this PAGE]
... study by their youth organizations of the question of
possible agreements relating to frameworks of multilateral youth
co-operation;
...
... the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and
co-operation on a bilateral or multilateral basis between their
organizations which represent wide circles of young people
working, training or undergoing education;
...
PAGE: (h) Expansion of Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... By way of further developing contacts among governmental
institutions and non-governmental organizations and associations,
including women's organizations, the participating States will
facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by
delegations, groups and individuals. ...
... By way of further developing contacts among governmental
institutions and non-governmental organizations and associations,
including women's organizations, the participating States will
facilitate the convening of meetings as well as travel by
delegations, groups and individuals. ...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will encourage their competent firms and organizations
to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to
increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers
and publications imported from the other participating States.
These agreements and contracts should in particular mention the
speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal
channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own
publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of
payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve
the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts;
...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of a
greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the other
participating States, illustrating the various aspects of life in
their countries and received on the basis of such agreements or
arrangements as may be necessary between the organizations and
firms directly concerned;
...
... they will facilitate the import by competent organizations
and firms of recorded audio-visual material from the other
participating States.
...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will favour increased co-operation among mass media
organizations, including press agencies, as well as among
publishing houses and organizations:
...
... they will favour increased co-operation among mass media
organizations, including press agencies, as well as among
publishing houses and organizations:
...
... they will favour co-operation among public or private,
national or international radio and television organizations, in
particular through the exchange of both live and recorded radio
and television programmes, and through the joint production and
the broadcasting and distribution of such programmes;
...
... they will encourage meetings and contacts both between
journalists' organizations and between journalists from the
participating States;
...
PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists [go to this PAGE]
... increase the opportunities for journalists of the
participating States to communicate personally with their
sources, including organizations and official institutions;
...
PAGE: Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... concluding, where appropriate, agreements on a bilateral or
multilateral basis, providing for the extension of relations
among competent State institutions and non-governmental
organizations in the field of culture, as well as among people
engaged in cultural activities, taking into account the need both
for flexibility and the fullest possible use of existing
agreements, and bearing in mind that agreements and also other
arrangements constitute important means of developing cultural
co-operation and exchanges;
...
... contributing to the development of direct communication and
co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-
governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such
communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of
special agreements and arrangements;
...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of
appropriate international organizations, the possible creation in
Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which would
collect information from the participating countries and make it
available to its correspondents on their request, and to convene
for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested States;
...
... to consider, if necessary in conjunction with appropriate
international organizations, ways of compiling in Europe an
inventory of documentary films of a cultural or scientific nature
from the participating States;
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging meetings among representatives of competent
organizations and relevant firms to examine measures within their
field of activity - such as the simplification of orders, time
limits for sending supplies and modalities of payment - which
might facilitate international commercial exchanges of books;
...
... encouraging the exchange of information among interested
parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the
participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate,
such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a
view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a
calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of
the appropriate international organizations;
...
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... recommending that, in determining the size of editions,
publishing houses take into account also the demand from the
other participating States, and that rights of sale in other
participating States be granted, where possible, to several
sales organizations of the importing countries, by agreement
between interested partners;
...
... encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to
conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this
means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of
works by authors from the other participating States
available in the original and in translation in their
libraries and bookshops;
...
... to encourage a joint study by interested bodies, where
appropriate with the assistance of the competent international
organizations, of the expediency and the conditions for the
establishment of a repertory of their recorded television
programmes of a cultural nature, as well as of the means of
viewing them rapidly in order to facilitate their selection and
possible acquisition.
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the implementation of joint projects for conserving,
restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical
and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest,
with the help, in appropriate cases, of international
organizations of a governmental or non-governmental
character as well as of private institutions - competent and
active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
- periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
- the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
- a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their countries;
- the study of the possibilities for organizing international courses for the training of specialists in different disciplines relating to restoration.
PAGE: 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education [go to this PAGE]
... Prepared to facilitate, between organizations, institutions
and persons engaged in education and science, the further
development of exchanges of knowledge and experience as well as
of contacts, on the basis of special arrangements where these are
necessary, ...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... recommending, moreover, to the appropriate international
organizations that they should intensify their efforts to reach a
generally acceptable solution to the problems of comparison and
equivalence between academic degrees and diplomas.
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... foreseeing, at an early date, a meeting of experts
representing the participating States and their national
scientific institutions, in order to prepare such a "Scientific
Forum" in consultation with appropriate international
organizations, such as UNESCO and the ECE;
...
... To develop in the field of scientific research, on a
bilateral or multilateral basis, the co-ordination of programmes
carried out in the participating States and the organization of
joint programmes, especially in the areas mentioned below, which
may involve the combined efforts of scientists and in certain
cases the use of costly or unique equipment. The list of subjects
in these areas is illustrative; and specific projects would have
to be determined subsequently by the potential partners in the
participating States, taking account of the contribution which
could be made by appropriate international organizations and
scientific institutions: ...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... (c) multilaterally, by meetings of experts of the participating
States, and also within the framework of existing international
organizations, such as the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe and UNESCO, with regard to educational, scientific and
cultural co-operation;
...