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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Declare their determination to respect and put into
practice, each of them in its relations with all other
participating States, irrespective of their political, economic
or social systems as well as of their size, geographical location
or level of economic development, the following principles, which
all are of primary significance, guiding their mutual relations: ...
PAGE: II. Refraining from the threat or use of force [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will refrain in their mutual
relations, as well as in their international relations in
general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and
with the present Declaration. No consideration may be invoked to
serve to warrant resort to the threat or use of force in
contravention of this principle. ...
... Accordingly, the participating States will refrain from any
acts constituting a threat of force or direct or indirect use of
force against another participating State. Likewise they will
refrain from any manifestation of force for the purpose of
inducing another participating State to renounce the full
exercise of its sovereign rights. Likewise they will also refrain
in their mutual relations from any act of reprisal by force. ...
PAGE: VI. Non-intervention in internal affairs [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will refrain from any intervention,
direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or
external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of
another participating State, regardless of their mutual
relations. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in
their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,
including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote
universal and effective respect for them. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States express their determination fully
to respect and apply these principles, as set forth in the
present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual relations
and co-operation in order to ensure to each participating State
the benefits resulting from the respect and application of these
principles by all. ...
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Determined further to refrain in their mutual relations, as
well as in their international relations in general, from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of any State, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the
Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating
States as adopted in this Final Act; ...
... Recognizing that the exchange of observers by invitation at
military manoeuvres will help to promote contacts and mutual
understanding; ...
... Convinced of the political importance of prior notification
of major military manoeuvres for the promotion of mutual
understanding and the strengthening of confidence, stability and
security; ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... In particular, they will, with due regard to reciprocity and
with a view to better mutual understanding, promote exchanges by
invitation among their military delegations. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for the
different levels of economic development, can be developed, on
the basis of equality and mutual satisfaction of the partners,
and of reciprocity permitting, as a whole, an equitable
distribution of advantages and obligations of comparable scale,
with respect for bilateral and multilateral agreements, ...
... Considering that the guidelines and concrete recommendations
contained in the following texts are aimed at promoting further
development of their mutual economic relations, and convinced
that their co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... are resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities of
their economic co-operation, the expansion of their mutual trade
in goods and services, and to ensure conditions favourable to
such development; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number of
forms of economic relations going beyond the framework of
conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts on
industrial co-operation the partners will determine jointly the
appropriate forms and conditions of co-operation, taking into
account their mutual interests and capabilities; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding
industrial co-operation contracts, should devote due attention to
provisions concerning the extension of the necessary mutual
assistance and the provision of the necessary information during
the implementation of these contracts, in particular with a view
to attaining the required technical level and quality of the
products resulting from such co-operation; ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Consider that possibilities to expand co-operation exist
within the areas given below as examples, noting that it is for
potential partners in the participating countries to identify and
develop projects and arrangements of mutual interest and benefit: ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges and visits as well as other direct contacts and
communications among scientists and technologists, on the basis
of mutual agreement and other arrangements, for such purposes as
consultations, lecturing and conducting research, including the
use of laboratories, scientific libraries, and other documen-
tation centres in connexion therewith;
...
... joint preparation and implementation of programmes and
projects of mutual interest on the basis of consultation and
agreement among all parties concerned, including, where possible
and appropriate, exchanges of experience and research results,
and correlation of research programmes, between scientific and
technological research institutions and organizations;
...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... Aware of the contribution made by international tourism to
the development of mutual understanding among peoples, to
increased knowledge of other countries' achievements in various
fields, as well as to economic, social and cultural progress, ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... are of the opinion that the problems arising bilaterally
from the migration of workers in Europe as well as between the
participating States should be dealt with by the parties directly
concerned, in order to resolve these problems in their mutual
interest, in the light of the concern of each State involved to
take due account of the requirements resulting from its socio-
economic situation, having regard to the obligation of each State
to comply with the bilateral and multilateral agreements to which
it is party, and with the following aims in view: ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the importance of their mutual economic
relations with the nonparticipating Mediterranean States, and
conscious of their common interest in the further development of
co-operation, ...
... to seek, by further improving their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States, to increase mutual
confidence, so as to promote security and stability in the
Mediterranean area as a whole;
...
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of
tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways
to increase information relating to travel to other countries and
to the reception and service of tourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
...
PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People [go to this PAGE]
... awareness among youth of the importance of developing mutual
understanding and of strengthening friendly relations and
confidence among peoples.
...
PAGE: 2. Information [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring, with the development of mutual understanding
between the participating States and with the further improvement
of their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress
in this field, ...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States note the expansion in the
dissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express the
hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet the
interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the aims set
forth by this Conference. ...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring, with the development of mutual confidence and the
further improvement of relations between the participating
States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this
field, ...
... Convinced that such a development of their mutual relations
will contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures,
while respecting the originality of each, as well as to the
reinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values,
while continuing to develop cultural co-operation with other
countries of the world, ...
... (a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a
view to a better knowledge of respective cultural achievements, ...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... Mutual Knowledge ...
... Within their competence to adopt, on a bilateral and
multilateral level, appropriate measures which would give their
peoples a more comprehensive and complete mutual knowledge of
their achievements in the various fields of culture, and among
them: ...
PAGE: Access [go to this PAGE]
... To promote fuller mutual access by all to the achievements -
works, experiences and performing arts - in the various fields of
culture of their countries, and to that end to make the best
possible efforts, in accordance with their competence, more
particularly: ...
... facilitating, while taking full account of the international
copyright conventions to which they are party, international
contacts and communications between authors and publishing
houses as well as other cultural institutions, with a view
to a more complete mutual access to cultural achievements;
...
... to envisage other appropriate measures which would permit,
where necessary by mutual agreement among interested parties, the
facilitation of access to their respective cultural achievements,
in particular in the field of books;
...
... to contribute by appropriate means to the wider use of the
mass media in order to improve mutual acquaintance with the
cultural life of each;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... study other possibilities for developing exchanges and co-
operation among persons active in the field of culture, with a
view to a better mutual knowledge of the cultural fife of the
participating States.
...
PAGE: 4. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Education [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that the development of relations of an
international character in the fields of education and science
contributes to a better mutual understanding and is to the
advantage of all peoples as well as to the benefit of future
generations, ...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by
fostering the exchange of information on the organization,
duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of
assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and,
where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic
degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements,
where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and
other institutions of higher learning and research;
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting
mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each
country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on
technical innovations in the field of education.
...
PAGE: Follow-up to the Conference [go to this PAGE]
... (a) by proceeding to a thorough exchange of views both on the
implementation of the provisions of the Final Act and of the
tasks defined by the Conference, as well as, in the context of
the questions dealt with by the latter, on the deepening of their
mutual relations, the improvement of security and the development
of co-operation in Europe, and the development of the process of
détente in the future;
...