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PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
PAGE: I. Sovereign equality, respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty [go to this PAGE]
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
... Within the framework of international law, all the
participating States have equal rights and duties. They will
respect each other's right to define and conduct as it wishes its
relations with other States in accordance with international law
and in the spirit of the present Declaration. They consider that
their frontiers can be changed, in accordance with international
law, by peaceful means and by agreement. They also have the right
to belong or not to belong to international organizations, to be
or not to be a party to bilateral or multilateral treaties
including the right to be or not to be a party to treaties of
alliance; they also have the right to neutrality. ...
PAGE: II. Refraining from the threat or use of force [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will refrain in their mutual
relations, as well as in their international relations in
general, from the threat or use of force against the territorial
integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other
manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and
with the present Declaration. No consideration may be invoked to
serve to warrant resort to the threat or use of force in
contravention of this principle. ...
PAGE: IV. Territorial integrity of States [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will likewise refrain from making
each other's territory the object of military occupation or other
direct or indirect measures of force in contravention of
international law, or the object of acquisition by means of such
measures or the threat of them. No such occupation or acquisition
will be recognized as legal. ...
PAGE: V. Peaceful settlement of disputes [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will settle disputes among them by
peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international
peace and security, and justice. ...
... They will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of
co-operation to reach a rapid and equitable solution on the basis
of international law. ...
... Participating States, parties to a dispute among them, as
well as other participating States, will refrain from any action
which might aggravate the situation to such a degree as to
endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and
thereby make a peaceful settlement of the dispute more difficult. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
... In the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the
participating States will act in conformity with the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations and with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They will also fulfil
their obligations as set forth in the international declarations
and agreements in this field, including inter alia the
International Covenants on Human Rights, by which they may be
bound. ...
PAGE: VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will respect the equal rights of
peoples and their right to self-determination, acting at all
times in conformity with the purposes and principles of the
Charter of the United Nations and with the relevant norms of
international law, including those relating to territorial
integrity of States. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States will fulfil in good faith their
obligations under international law, both those obligations
arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law and those obligations arising from treaties or
other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which
they are parties. ...
... The participating States will fulfil in good faith their
obligations under international law, both those obligations
arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law and those obligations arising from treaties or
other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which
they are parties. ...
... The participating States will fulfil in good faith their
obligations under international law, both those obligations
arising from the generally recognized principles and rules of
international law and those obligations arising from treaties or
other agreements, in conformity with international law, to which
they are parties. ...
... In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to
determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with
their legal obligations under international law; they will
furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe. ...
... The participating States confirm that in the event of a
conflict between the obligations of the members of the United
Nations under the Charter of the United Nations and their
obligations under any treaty or other international agreement,
their obligations under the Charter will prevail, in accordance
with Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations. ...
... The participating States, paying due regard to the
principles above and, in particular, to the first sentence of the
tenth principle, "Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under
international law", note that the present Declaration does not
affect their rights and obligations, nor the corresponding
treaties and other agreements and arrangements. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming that they will respect and give effect to
refraining from the threat or use of force and convinced of the
necessity to make it an effective norm of international life, ...
... To take effective measures which by their scope and by their
nature constitute steps towards the ultimate achievement of
general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control.
...
... To make every effort to settle exclusively by peaceful means
any dispute between them, the continuance of which is likely
to endanger the maintenance of international peace and
security in Europe, and to seek, first of all, a solution
through the peaceful means set forth in Article 33 of the
United Nations Charter.
To refrain from any action which could hinder the peaceful
settlement of disputes between the participating States.
...
PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Determined further to refrain in their mutual relations, as
well as in their international relations in general, from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or
political independence of any State, or in any other manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations and with the
Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating
States as adopted in this Final Act; ...
PAGE: II Questions relating to disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the interest of all of
them in efforts aimed at lessening military confrontation and
promoting disarmament which are designed to complement political
détente in Europe and to strengthen their security. They are
convinced of the necessity to take effective measures in these
fields which by their scope and by their nature constitute steps
towards the ultimate achievement of general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, and
which should result in strengthening peace and security
throughout the world. ...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts
towards the solution of major world economic problems such as
food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and
therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing to the
continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...
... Having taken into account the work already undertaken by
relevant international organizations and wishing to take
advantage of the possibilities offered by these organizations, in
particular by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,
for giving effect to the provisions of the final documents of the
Conference, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the growing role of international trade as one
of the most important factors in economic growth and social
progress, ...
... note the importance of monetary and financial questions for
the development of international trade, and will endeavour to
deal with them with a view to contributing to the continuous
expansion of trade; ...
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
... consider that their trade in various products should be
conducted in such a way as not to cause or threaten to cause
serious injury - and should the situation arise, market
disruption - in domestic markets for these products and in
particular to the detriment of domestic producers of like or
directly competitive products; as regards the concept of market
disruption, it is understood that it should not be invoked in a
way inconsistent with the relevant provisions of their
international agreements; if they resort to safeguard measures,
they will do so in conformity with their commitments in this
field arising from international agreements to which they are
parties and will take account of the interests of the parties
directly concerned; ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the growing role of economic and commercial
information in the development of international trade, ...
... Considering that the value of statistical information on the
international level depends to a considerable extent on the
possibility of its comparability, ...
... will encourage international work on the harmonization of
statistical nomenclatures, notably in the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the importance of adapting production to the
requirements of foreign markets in order to ensure the expansion
of international trade, ...
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... contribute to economic growth as well as to the expansion
and diversification of international trade and to a wider
utilization of modern technology,
...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... reaffirm their interest to achieve the widest possible
international harmonization of standards and technical
regulations; ...
... express their readiness to promote international agreements
and other appropriate arrangements on acceptance of certificates
of conformity with standards and technical regulations; ...
... consider it desirable to increase international co-operation
on standardization, in particular by supporting the activities of
intergovernmental and other appropriate organizations in this
field. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that such co-operation can be developed and
implemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental
and non-governmental levels, for example, through
intergovernmental and other agreements, international
programmes, cooperative projects and commercial channels, while
utilizing also various forms of contacts, including direct and
individual contacts, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international visits of
scientists and specialists in connexion with exchanges,
conferences and co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Research on the means of transport and the technology
applied to the development and operation of international,
national and urban transport networks including container
transport as well as transport safety; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchange and circulation of books, periodicals and other
scientific and technological publications and papers among
interested organizations, scientific and technological
institutions, enterprises and scientists and technologists, as
well as participation in international programmes for the
abstracting and indexing of publications;
...
... holding of international and national conferences, symposia,
seminars, courses and other meetings of a scientific and
technological character, which would include the participation of
foreign scientists and technologists;
...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: 5. Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational
utilization of its resources in the interests of present and
future generations, is one of the tasks of major importance to
the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all
countries and that many environmental problems, particularly in
Europe, can be solved effectively only through close
international co-operation, ...
... Acknowledging that each of the participating States, in
accordance with the principles of international law, ought to
ensure, in a spirit of co-operation, that activities carried out
on its territory do not cause degradation of the environment in
another State or in areas lying beyond the limits of national
jurisdiction, ...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to increase the effectiveness of national and international
measures for the protection of the environment, by the comparison
and, if appropriate, the harmonization of methods of gathering
and analyzing facts, by improving the knowledge of pollution
phenomena and rational utilization of natural resources, by the
exchange of information, by the harmonization of definitions and
the adoption, as far as possible, of a common terminology in the
field of the environment;
...
... to encourage, where possible and appropriate, national and
international efforts by their interested organizations,
enterprises and firms in the development, production and
improvement of equipment designed for monitoring, protecting and
enhancing the environment.
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Prevention and control of water pollution, in particular of
transboundary rivers and international lakes; techniques for the
improvement of the quality of water and further development of
ways and means for industrial and municipal sewage effluent
purification; methods of assessment of fresh water resources and
the improvement of their utilization, in particular by developing
methods of production which are less polluting and lead to less
consumption of fresh water; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... consultations on various aspects of environmental
protection, as agreed upon among countries concerned, especially
in connexion with problems which could have international
consequences.
...
... promoting the progressive development, codification and
implementation of international law as one means of preserving
and enhancing the human environment, including principles and
practices, as accepted by them, relating to pollution and other
environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction
or control of their States affecting other countries and regions;
...
... supporting and promoting the implementation of relevant
international Conventions to which they are parties, in
particular those designed to prevent and combat marine and fresh
water pollution, recommending States to ratify Conventions which
have already been signed, as well as considering possibilities of
accepting other appropriate Conventions to which they are not
parties at present;
...
... advocating the inclusion, where appropriate and possible, of
the various areas of co-operation into the programmes of work of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, supporting
such co-operation within the framework of the Commission and of
the United Nations Environment Programme, and taking into account
the work of other competent international organizations of which
they are members;
...
... making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and utilizing
the possibilities and capabilities of various competent
international organizations.
...
... making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and utilizing
the possibilities and capabilities of various competent
international organizations.
...
... to develop through international co-operation an extensive
programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range
transport of air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide and
with possible extension to other pollutants, and to this end to
take into account basic elements of a co-operation programme
which were identified by the experts who met in Oslo in December
1974 at the invitation of the Norwegian Institute of Air
Research;
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that it is necessary to encourage the
development of transport and the solution of existing problems by
employing appropriate national and international means, ...
... Taking into account the work being carried out on these
subjects by existing international organizations, especially by
the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe, ...
... declare themselves in favour of a simplification and a
harmonization of administrative formalities in the field of
international transport, in particular at frontiers; ...
... express their intention to encourage the development of
international inland transport of passengers and goods as well as
the possibilities of adequate participation in such transport on
the basis of reciprocal advantage; ...
... declare themselves in favour, with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, of the elimination of
disparities arising from the legal provisions applied to traffic
on inland waterways which are subject to international
conventions and, in particular, of the disparity in the
application of those provisions; and to this end invite the
member States of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the
Rhine, of the Danube Commission and of other bodies to develop
the work and studies now being carried out, in particular within
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe; ...
... declare themselves in favour, with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, of the elimination of
disparities arising from the legal provisions applied to traffic
on inland waterways which are subject to international
conventions and, in particular, of the disparity in the
application of those provisions; and to this end invite the
member States of the Central Commission for the Navigation of the
Rhine, of the Danube Commission and of other bodies to develop
the work and studies now being carried out, in particular within
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe; ...
... express their willingness, with a view to improving
international rail transport and with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, to work towards the
elimination of difficulties arising from disparities in existing
international legal provisions governing the reciprocal railway
transport of passengers and goods between their territories; ...
... express their willingness, with a view to improving
international rail transport and with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, to work towards the
elimination of difficulties arising from disparities in existing
international legal provisions governing the reciprocal railway
transport of passengers and goods between their territories; ...
... express their willingness, with a view to improving
international rail transport and with due respect for their
rights and international commitments, to work towards the
elimination of difficulties arising from disparities in existing
international legal provisions governing the reciprocal railway
transport of passengers and goods between their territories; ...
... express the desire for intensification of the work being
carried out by existing international organizations in the field
of transport, especially that of the Inland Transport Committee
of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and express
their intention to contribute thereto by their efforts; ...
... consider that examination by the participating States of the
possibility of their accession to the different conventions or to
membership of international organizations specializing in
transport matters, as well as their efforts to implement
conventions when ratified, could contribute to the strengthening
of their co-operation in this field. ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... Aware of the contribution made by international tourism to
the development of mutual understanding among peoples, to
increased knowledge of other countries' achievements in various
fields, as well as to economic, social and cultural progress, ...
... facilitating the activities of foreign travel agencies and
passenger transport companies in the promotion of international
tourism;
...
... consider it desirable to carry out in the appropriate
international framework, and with the co-operation of the
relevant national bodies, detailed studies on tourism, in
particular: ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... Taking due account of the activities of the competent
international organizations, more particularly the International
Labour Organisation, in this area, ...
... Taking due account of the activities of the competent
international organizations, more particularly the International
Labour Organisation, in this area, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the development of good-neighbourly relations
with the non-participating Mediterranean States in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations, on which their relations are based, and with the United
Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States and accordingly,
in this context, to conduct their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the spirit of the
principles set forth in the Declaration on Principles Guiding
Relations between Participating States;
...
... to intensify their efforts and their co-operation on a
bilateral and multilateral basis with the non - participating
Mediterranean States directed towards the improvement of the
environment of the Mediterranean, especially the safeguarding of
the biological resources and ecological balance of the sea, by
appropriate measures including the prevention and control of
pollution; to this end, and in view of the present situation, to
cooperate through competent international organizations and in
particular within the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP);
...
PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People [go to this PAGE]
... agreements or regular programmes relating to the
organization of exchanges of students, of international youth
seminars, of courses of professional training and foreign
language study;
...
PAGE: (g) Sport [go to this PAGE]
... In order to expand existing links and co-operation in the
field of sport the participating States will encourage contacts
and exchanges of this kind, including sports meetings and
competitions of all sorts, on the basis of the established
international rules, regulations and practice. ...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will facilitate the availability of these periodical
publications during congresses, conferences, official visits and
other international events and to tourists during the season,
...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... they will favour co-operation among public or private,
national or international radio and television organizations, in
particular through the exchange of both live and recorded radio
and television programmes, and through the joint