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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the need to contribute to reducing the dangers
of armed conflict and of misunderstanding or miscalculation of
military activities which could give rise to apprehension,
particularly in a situation where the participating States lack
clear and timely information about the nature of such activities; ...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... Notification will contain information of the designation, if
any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the
manoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces
engaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The
participating States will also, if possible, provide additional
relevant information, particularly that related to the components
of the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these
forces. ...
... Notification will contain information of the designation, if
any, the general purpose of and the States involved in the
manoeuvre, the type or types and numerical strength of the forces
engaged, the area and estimated time-frame of its conduct. The
participating States will also, if possible, provide additional
relevant information, particularly that related to the components
of the forces engaged and the period of involvement of these
forces. ...
... The inviting State will determine in each case the number of
observers, the procedures and conditions of their participation,
and give other information which it may consider useful. It will
provide appropriate facilities and hospitality. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Business contacts and facilities [go to this PAGE]
... by providing the necessary information, including
information on legislation and procedures relating to the
establishment and operation of permanent representation by the
above mentioned bodies;
...
... by providing the necessary information, including
information on legislation and procedures relating to the
establishment and operation of permanent representation by the
above mentioned bodies;
...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the growing role of economic and commercial
information in the development of international trade, ...
... Considering that economic information should be of such a
nature as to allow adequate market analysis and to permit the
preparation of medium and long term forecasts, thus contributing
to the establishment of a continuing flow of trade and a better
utilization of commercial possibilities, ...
... Expressing their readiness to improve the quality and
increase the quantity and supply of economic and relevant
administrative information, ...
... Considering that the value of statistical information on the
international level depends to a considerable extent on the
possibility of its comparability, ...
... will promote the publication and dissemination of economic
and commercial information at regular intervals and as quickly as
possible, in particular: ...
... information allowing forecasts of development of the economy
to assist in trade promotion, for example, information on the
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes;
...
... information allowing forecasts of development of the economy
to assist in trade promotion, for example, information on the
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes;
...
... other information to help businessmen in commercial
contacts, for example, periodic directories, lists, and where
possible, organizational charts of firms and organizations
concerned with foreign trade;
...
... will in addition to the above encourage the development of
the exchange of economic and commercial information through,
where appropriate, joint commissions for economic, scientific and
technical co-operation, national and joint chambers of commerce,
and other suitable bodies; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... note the importance of economic, commercial, technical and
administrative information such as to ensure the development of
industrial co-operation; ...
... to improve the quality and the quantity of information
relevant to industrial co-operation, in particular the laws and
regulations, including those relating to foreign exchange,
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes as
well as programme priorities and economic conditions of the
market; and
...
... will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
including through contacts between potential partners and, where
appropriate, through joint commissions for economic, industrial,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies; ...
... consider it desirable that proposals for industrial co-
operation projects should be sufficiently specific and should
contain the necessary economic and technical data, in particular
preliminary estimates of the cost of the project information on
the form of co-operation envisaged, and market possibilities, to
enable potential partners to proceed with initial studies and to
arrive at decisions in the shortest possible time; ...
... recommend further the continued examination - for example
within the framework of the United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe - of means of improving the provision of information
to those concerned on general conditions of industrial co-
operation and guidance on the preparation of contracts in this
field; ...
... consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding
industrial co-operation contracts, should devote due attention to
provisions concerning the extension of the necessary mutual
assistance and the provision of the necessary information during
the implementation of these contracts, in particular with a view
to attaining the required technical level and quality of the
products resulting from such co-operation; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... regard it as desirable that organizations, enterprises and
firms exploring the possibilities of taking part in projects of
common interest exchange with their potential partners, through
the appropriate channels, the requisite economic, legal,
financial and technical information pertaining to these projects; ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the wider use of commercial channels and activities for
applied scientific and technological research and for the
transfer of achievements obtained in this field while providing
information on and protection of intellectual and industrial
property rights;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... consider it desirable that periodic exchanges of views and
information take place on scientific policy, in particular on
general problems of orientation and administration of research
and the question of a better use of large-scale scientific and
experimental equipment on a co-operative basis; ...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to increase the effectiveness of national and international
measures for the protection of the environment, by the comparison
and, if appropriate, the harmonization of methods of gathering
and analyzing facts, by improving the knowledge of pollution
phenomena and rational utilization of natural resources, by the
exchange of information, by the harmonization of definitions and
the adoption, as far as possible, of a common terminology in the
field of the environment;
...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... exchanges of scientific and technical information,
documentation and research results, including information on the
means of determining the possible effects on the environment of
technical and economic activities;
...
... exchanges of scientific and technical information,
documentation and research results, including information on the
means of determining the possible effects on the environment of
technical and economic activities;
...
... making wider use, in all types of co-operation, of
information already available from national and international
sources, including internationally agreed criteria, and utilizing
the possibilities and capabilities of various competent
international organizations.
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... note that the speed of technical progress in the various
fields of transport makes desirable a development of co-operation
and an increase in exchanges of information among them; ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the exchange of information, including relevant
laws and regulations, studies, data and documentation relating to
tourism, and by improving statistics with a view to facilitating
their comparability;
...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... to confirm the right of migrant workers to receive, as far
as possible, regular information in their own language, covering
both their country of origin and the host country; ...
PAGE: Training of personnel [go to this PAGE]
... declare themselves willing to encourage co-operation in this
field notably by promoting exchange of information on the subject
of institutions, programmes and methods of training and advanced
training open to professional staff and technicians in the
various sectors of economic activity and especially in those of
management, public planning, agriculture and commercial and
banking techniques; ...
PAGE: Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges,
broader dissemination of information, contacts between people,
and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to the
attainment of these aims, ...
PAGE: (d) Travel for Personal or Professional Reasons [go to this PAGE]
... They confirm that religious faiths, institutions and
organizations, practising within the constitutional framework of
the participating States, and their representatives can, in the
field of their activities, have contacts and meetings among
themselves and exchange information. ...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of
tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways
to increase information relating to travel to other countries and
to the reception and service of tourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
...
PAGE: 2. Information [go to this PAGE]
... 2. Information ...
... Recognizing the importance of the dissemination of
information from the other participating States and of a better
acquaintance with such information, ...
... Recognizing the importance of the dissemination of
information from the other participating States and of a better
acquaintance with such information, ...
... Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider
dissemination of information of all kinds, to encourage co-
operation in the field of information and the exchange of
information with other countries, and to improve the conditions
under which journalists from one participating State exercise
their profession in another participating State, and ...
... Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider
dissemination of information of all kinds, to encourage co-
operation in the field of information and the exchange of
information with other countries, and to improve the conditions
under which journalists from one participating State exercise
their profession in another participating State, and ...
... Make it their aim to facilitate the freer and wider
dissemination of information of all kinds, to encourage co-
operation in the field of information and the exchange of
information with other countries, and to improve the conditions
under which journalists from one participating State exercise
their profession in another participating State, and ...
PAGE: (a) Improvement of the Circulation of, Access to, and Exchange of Information (i) Oral Information [go to this PAGE]
... (i) Oral Information ...
... To facilitate the dissemination of oral information through
the encouragement of lectures and lecture tours by personalities
and specialists from the other participating States, as well as
exchanges of opinions at round table meetings, seminars,
symposia, summer schools, congresses and other bilateral and
multilateral meetings. ...
PAGE: (ii) Printed Information [go to this PAGE]
... (ii) Printed Information ...
... They intend to improve the possibilities for acquaintance
with bulletins of official information issued by diplomatic
missions and distributed by those missions on the basis of
arrangements acceptable to the interested parties. ...
PAGE: (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information [go to this PAGE]
... (iii) Filmed and Broadcast Information ...
... To promote the improvement of the dissemination of filmed
and broadcast information. To this end: ...
... they will encourage the wider showing and broadcasting of a
greater variety of recorded and filmed information from the other
participating States, illustrating the various aspects of life in
their countries and received on the basis of such agreements or
arrangements as may be necessary between the organizations and
firms directly concerned;
...
... The participating States note the expansion in the
dissemination of information broadcast by radio, and express the
hope for the continuation of this process, so as to meet the
interest of mutual understanding among peoples and the aims set
forth by this Conference. ...
PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information [go to this PAGE]
... To encourage co-operation in the field of information on the
basis of short or long term agreements or arrangements. In
particular: ...
... they will encourage the exchange of technical information as
well as the organization of joint research and meetings devoted
to the exchange of experience and views between experts in the
field of the press, radio and television.
...
PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists [go to this PAGE]
... enable journalists of the other participating States,
whether permanently or temporarily accredited, to transmit
completely, normally and rapidly by means recognized by the
participating States to the information organs which they
represent, the results of their professional activity, including
tape recordings and undeveloped film, for the purpose of
publication or of broadcasting on the radio or television.
...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... (a) to develop the mutual exchange of information with a
view to a better knowledge of respective cultural achievements, ...
PAGE: Mutual Knowledge [go to this PAGE]
... to examine jointly, if necessary with the assistance of
appropriate international organizations, the possible creation in
Europe and the structure of a bank of cultural data, which would
collect information from the participating countries and make it
available to its correspondents on their request, and to convene
for this purpose a meeting of experts from interested States;
...
... to examine jointly questions of expanding and improving
exchanges of information in the various fields of culture, such
as theatre, music, library work as well as the conservation and
restoration of cultural property.
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging the exchange of information among interested
parties concerning events of a cultural character foreseen in the
participating States, in fields where this is most appropriate,
such as music, theatre and the plastic and graphic arts, with a
view to contributing to the compilation and publication of a
calendar of such events, with the assistance, where necessary, of
the appropriate international organizations;
...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... the exchange of information, and as may be appropriate,
meetings of experts, the elaboration and the execution of
research programmes and projects, as well as their joint
evaluation, and the dissemination of the results, on the subjects
indicated above;
...
PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges [go to this PAGE]
... increasing the exchange of information on facilities for
study and courses open to foreign participants, as well as on the
conditions under which they will be admitted and received;
...
... establishing, developing or encouraging programmes providing
for the broader exchange of scholars, teachers and students,
including the organization of symposia, seminars and
collaborative projects, and the exchanges of educational and
scholarly information such as university publications and
materials from libraries;
...
... promoting the efficient implementation of such arrangements
and programmes by providing scholars, teachers and students in
good time with more detailed information about their placing in
universities and institutes and the programmes envisaged for
them; by granting them the opportunity to use relevant scholarly,
scientific and open archival materials; and by facilitating their
travel within the receiving State for the purpose of study or
research as well as in the form of vacation tours on the basis of
the usual procedures;
...
... promoting a more exact assessment of the problems of
comparison and equivalence of academic degrees and diplomas by
fostering the exchange of information on the organization,
duration and content of studies, the comparison of methods of
assessing levels of knowledge, and academic qualifications, and,
where feasible, arriving at the mutual recognition of academic
degrees and diplomas either through governmental agreements,
where necessary, or direct arrangements between universities and
other institutions of higher learning and research;
...
PAGE: (c) Science [go to this PAGE]
... To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the
exchange and dissemination of scientific information and
documentation by such means as: ...
... making this information more widely available to scientists
and research workers of the other participating States through,
for instance, participation in international information-sharing
programmes or through other appropriate arrangements;
...
... making this information more widely available to scientists
and research workers of the other participating States through,
for instance, participation in international information-sharing
programmes or through other appropriate arrangements;
...
... furthermore envisaging, in the near future, a "Scientific
Forum" in the form of a meeting of leading personalities in
science from the participating States to discuss interrelated
problems of common interest concerning current and future
developments in science, and to promote the expansion of
contacts, communications and the exchange of information between
scientific institutions and among scientists;
...
PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations [go to this PAGE]
... to intensify co-operation aimed at improving the teaching of
foreign languages through exchanges of information and experience
concerning the development and application of effective modem
teaching methods and technical aids, adapted to the needs of
different categories of students, including methods of
accelerated teaching; and to consider the possibility of
conducting, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, studies of new
methods of foreign language teaching;
...
... to encourage co-operation between institutions concerned, on
a bilateral or multilateral basis, aimed at exploiting more fully
the resources of modem educational technology in language
teaching, for example through comparative studies by their
specialists and, where agreed, through exchanges or transfers of
audio-visual materials, of materials used for preparing
textbooks, as well as of information about new types of technical
equipment used for teaching languages;
...
... to promote the exchange of information on the experience
acquired in the training of language teachers and to intensify
exchanges on a bilateral basis of language teachers and students
as well as to facilitate their participation in summer courses in
languages and civilizations, wherever these are organized;
...
PAGE: (e) Teaching Methods [go to this PAGE]
... further developing various forms of contacts and co-
operation in the different fields of pedagogical science, for
example through comparative or joint studies carried out by
interested institutions or through exchanges of information on
the results of teaching experiments;
...
... intensifying exchanges of information on teaching methods
used in various educational systems and on results of research
into the processes by which pupils and students acquire
knowledge, taking account of relevant experience in different
types of specialized education;
...
... encouraging exchanges of teaching materials - including
school textbooks, having in mind the possibility of promoting
mutual knowledge and facilitating the presentation of each
country in such books - as well as exchanges of information on
technical innovations in the field of education.
...