Law-ref.org Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe     [go to this PAGE]
... Mindful of their common history and recognizing that the existence of elements common to their traditions and values can assist them in developing their relations, and desiring to search, fully taking into account the individuality and diversity of their positions and views, for possibilities of joining their efforts with a view to overcoming distrust and increasing confidence, solving the problems that separate them and cooperating in the interest of mankind; ...


PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States     [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic, scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to making these benefits available to all; they will take into account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in the levels of economic development, and in particular the interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They will strive, in increasing their co-operation as set forth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an improved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples. ...


PAGE: 2. Document on confidence-building measures and certain aspects of security and disarmament     [go to this PAGE]
... Determined to strengthen confidence among them and thus to contribute to increasing stability and security in Europe; ...


PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures     [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize that they can contribute further to strengthening confidence and increasing security and stability, and to this end may also notify smaller-scale military manoeuvres to other participating States, with special regard for those near the area of such manoeuvres. ...


PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment     [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts towards the solution of major world economic problems such as food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable international economic relations, thus contributing to the continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...


PAGE: Economic and commercial information     [go to this PAGE]
... Expressing their readiness to improve the quality and increase the quantity and supply of economic and relevant administrative information, ...


PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation     [go to this PAGE]
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and increasing all forms of business contacts between competent organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective qualified personnel; ...
... recognize the usefulness of an increased participation of small and medium sized firms in industrial co-operation projects. ...


PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards     [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization of standards and technical regulations and of international co- operation in the field of certification as an important means of eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development and increasing productivity, ...
... consider it desirable to increase international co-operation on standardization, in particular by supporting the activities of intergovernmental and other appropriate organizations in this field. ...


PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental research     [go to this PAGE]
... Research into new methods and technologies for increasing the productivity of crop cultivation and animal husbandry; the application of chemistry to agriculture; the design, construction and utilization of agricultural machinery; technologies of irrigation and other agricultural land improvement works; ...


PAGE: Aims of co-operation     [go to this PAGE]
... to increase the effectiveness of national and international measures for the protection of the environment, by the comparison and, if appropriate, the harmonization of methods of gathering and analyzing facts, by improving the knowledge of pollution phenomena and rational utilization of natural resources, by the exchange of information, by the harmonization of definitions and the adoption, as far as possible, of a common terminology in the field of the environment; ...


PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and administrative measures     [go to this PAGE]
... Problems associated with more effective use of lands, including land amelioration, reclamation and recultivation; control of soil pollution, water and air erosion, as well as other forms of soil degradation; maintaining and increasing the productivity of soils with due regard for the possible negative effects of the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides; ...


PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport     [go to this PAGE]
... note that the speed of technical progress in the various fields of transport makes desirable a development of co-operation and an increase in exchanges of information among them; ...


PAGE: Promotion of tourism     [go to this PAGE]
... Aware of the contribution made by international tourism to the development of mutual understanding among peoples, to increased knowledge of other countries' achievements in various fields, as well as to economic, social and cultural progress, ...
... express their intention to encourage increased tourism on both an individual and group basis in particular by: ...


PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour     [go to this PAGE]
... to encourage the efforts of the countries of origin directed towards increasing the possibilities of employment for their nationals in their own territories, in particular by developing economic co-operation appropriate for this purpose and suitable for the host countries and the countries of origin concerned; ...
... to regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin to attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to increasing, within the framework of their economic development, appropriate opportunities for employment, thereby facilitating the reintegration of these workers on their return home. ...


PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean     [go to this PAGE]
... to seek, by further improving their relations with the non- participating Mediterranean States, to increase mutual confidence, so as to promote security and stability in the Mediterranean area as a whole; ...


PAGE: Co-operation in Humanitarian and Other Fields     [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious that increased cultural and educational exchanges, broader dissemination of information, contacts between people, and the solution of humanitarian problems will contribute to the attainment of these aims, ...


PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis     [go to this PAGE]
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways to increase information relating to travel to other countries and to the reception and service of tourists, and other related questions of mutual interest. ...
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways to increase information relating to travel to other countries and to the reception and service of tourists, and other related questions of mutual interest. ...


PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People     [go to this PAGE]
... increased exchanges and contacts on a short or long term basis among young people working, training or undergoing education through bilateral or multilateral agreements or regular programmes in all cases where it is possible; ...


PAGE: (ii) Printed Information     [go to this PAGE]
... they will encourage their competent firms and organizations to conclude agreements and contracts designed gradually to increase the quantities and the number of titles of newspapers and publications imported from the other participating States. These agreements and contracts should in particular mention the speediest conditions of delivery and the use of the normal channels existing in each country for the distribution of its own publications and newspapers, as well as forms and means of payment agreed between the parties making it possible to achieve the objectives aimed at by these agreements and contracts; ...
... they will encourage an increase in the number of places where these publications are on sale, ...


PAGE: (b) Co-operation in the Field of Information     [go to this PAGE]
... they will favour increased co-operation among mass media organizations, including press agencies, as well as among publishing houses and organizations: ...


PAGE: (c) Improvement of Working Conditions for Journalists     [go to this PAGE]
... increase the opportunities for journalists of the participating States to communicate personally with their sources, including organizations and official institutions; ...


PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture     [go to this PAGE]
... Disposed in this spirit to increase substantially their cultural exchanges, with regard both to persons and to cultural works, and to develop among them an active co-operation, both at the bilateral and the multilateral level, in all the fields of culture, ...


PAGE: Access     [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging competent organizations and relevant firms to conclude agreements and contracts and contributing, by this means, to a gradual increase in the number and diversity of works by authors from the other participating States available in the original and in translation in their libraries and bookshops; ...
... promoting, where deemed appropriate, an increase in the number of sales outlets where books by authors from the other participating States, imported in the original on the basis of agreements and contracts, and in translation, are for sale; ...


PAGE: (b) Access and Exchanges     [go to this PAGE]
... increasing the exchange of information on facilities for study and courses open to foreign participants, as well as on the conditions under which they will be admitted and received; ...


PAGE: (c) Science     [go to this PAGE]
... To increase, on a bilateral or multilateral basis, the exchange and dissemination of scientific information and documentation by such means as: ...


PAGE: (d) Foreign Languages and Civilizations     [go to this PAGE]
... to promote the wider spread of foreign language study among the different types of secondary education establishments and greater possibilities of choice between an increased number of European languages; and in this context to consider, wherever appropriate, the possibilities for developing the recruitment and training of teachers as well as the organization of the student groups required; ...