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Law-ref.org | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - Final Act - Helsinki 1975 |
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PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
... Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well
as their common interest in the development of co-operation
throughout Europe and among themselves and expressing their
intention to pursue efforts accordingly; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming their commitment to peace, security and justice
and the continuing development of friendly relations and co-
operation; ...
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
... Declare their determination to respect and put into
practice, each of them in its relations with all other
participating States, irrespective of their political, economic
or social systems as well as of their size, geographical location
or level of economic development, the following principles, which
all are of primary significance, guiding their mutual relations: ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of
civil, political, economic, social, cultural and other rights and
freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the
human person and are essential for his free and full development. ...
... The participating States recognize the universal
significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect
for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and well-
being necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations
and co-operation among themselves as among all States. ...
PAGE: VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples [go to this PAGE]
... By virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-
determination of peoples, all peoples always have the right, in
full freedom, to determine, when and as they wish, their internal
and external political status, without external interference, and
to pursue as they wish their political, economic, social and
cultural development. ...
... The participating States reaffirm the universal significance
of respect for and effective exercise of equal rights and self-
determination of peoples for the development of friendly
relations among themselves as among all States; they also recall
the importance of the elimination of any form of violation of
this principle. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for the
different levels of economic development, can be developed, on
the basis of equality and mutual satisfaction of the partners,
and of reciprocity permitting, as a whole, an equitable
distribution of advantages and obligations of comparable scale,
with respect for bilateral and multilateral agreements, ...
... Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among the
participating countries as long as they are developing from the
economic point of view; reaffirming their will to co-operate for
the achievement of the aims and objectives established by the
appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the pertinent
documents concerning development, it being understood that each
participating State maintains the positions it has taken on them;
giving special attention to the least developed countries, ...
... Convinced that the growing world-wide economic
interdependence calls for increasing common and effective efforts
towards the solution of major world economic problems such as
food, energy, commodities, monetary and financial problems, and
therefore emphasizes the need for promoting stable and equitable
international economic relations, thus contributing to the
continuous and diversified economic development of all countries, ...
... Considering that the guidelines and concrete recommendations
contained in the following texts are aimed at promoting further
development of their mutual economic relations, and convinced
that their co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that the volume and structure of trade among the
participating States do not in all cases correspond to the
possibilities created by the current level of their economic,
scientific and technological development, ...
... are resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities of
their economic co-operation, the expansion of their mutual trade
in goods and services, and to ensure conditions favourable to
such development; ...
... recognize the beneficial effects which can result for the
development of trade from the application of most favoured nation
treatment; ...
... recognize the importance of bilateral and multilateral
intergovernmental and other agreements for the long-term
development of trade; ...
... note the importance of monetary and financial questions for
the development of international trade, and will endeavour to
deal with them with a view to contributing to the continuous
expansion of trade; ...
... will endeavour to reduce or progressively eliminate all
kinds of obstacles to the development of trade; ...
... consider it appropriate to create favourable conditions for
the participation of firms, organizations and enterprises in the
development of trade. ...
PAGE: Business contacts and facilities [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the importance of the contribution which an
improvement of business contacts, and the accompanying growth of
confidence in business relationships, could make to the
development of commercial and economic relations, ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the growing role of economic and commercial
information in the development of international trade, ...
... information allowing forecasts of development of the economy
to assist in trade promotion, for example, information on the
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes;
...
... will in addition to the above encourage the development of
the exchange of economic and commercial information through,
where appropriate, joint commissions for economic, scientific and
technical co-operation, national and joint chambers of commerce,
and other suitable bodies; ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... propose to encourage the development of industrial
co-operation between the competent organizations, enterprises and
firms of their countries; ...
... note that in promoting industrial co-operation they should
bear in mind the economic structures and the development levels
of their countries; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... note the importance of economic, commercial, technical and
administrative information such as to ensure the development of
industrial co-operation; ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that their economic potential and their natural
resources permit, through common efforts, long-term co-operation
in the implementation, including at the regional or sub-regional
level, of major that these may contribute to the speeding-up of
the economic development of the countries participating therein, ...
... consider that the fields of energy resources, in particular,
petroleum, natural gas and coal, and the extraction and
processing of mineral raw materials, in particular, iron ore and
bauxite, are suitable ones for strengthening long-term economic
co-operation and for the development of trade which could result; ...
... development of road networks and co-operation aimed at
establishing a coherent navigable network in Europe;
...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Research on the means of transport and the technology
applied to the development and operation of international,
national and urban transport networks including container
transport as well as transport safety; ...
... Research on problems in electrochemistry and the chemistry
of polymers, of natural products, and of metals and alloys, as
well as the development of improved chemical technology,
especially materials processing; practical application of the
latest achievements of chemistry to industry, construction and
other sectors of the economy; ...
... Study and forecasting of earthquakes and associated
geological changes; development and research of technology of
seism-resisting constructions; ...
... Development of computers as well as of telecommunications
and information systems; technology associated with computers and
telecommunications, including their use for management systems,
for production processes, for automation, for the study of
economic problems, in scientific research and for the collection,
processing and dissemination of information; ...
... Research on cardiovascular, tumour and virus diseases,
molecular biology, neurophysiology; development and testing of
new drugs; study of contemporary problems of pediatrics,
gerontology and the organization and techniques of medical
services; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
PAGE: 5. Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational
utilization of its resources in the interests of present and
future generations, is one of the tasks of major importance to
the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all
countries and that many environmental problems, particularly in
Europe, can be solved effectively only through close
international co-operation, ...
... Affirming that experience has shown that economic
development and technological progress must be compatible with
the protection of the environment and the preservation of
historical and cultural values; that damage to the environment is
best avoided by preventive measures; and that the ecological
balance must be preserved in the exploitation and management of
natural resources. ...
PAGE: Aims of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... to study, with a view to their solution, those environmental
problems which, by their nature, are of a multilateral,
bilateral, regional or sub-regional dimension; as well as to
encourage the development of an interdisciplinary approach to
environmental problems;
...
... to encourage, where possible and appropriate, national and
international efforts by their interested organizations,
enterprises and firms in the development, production and
improvement of equipment designed for monitoring, protecting and
enhancing the environment.
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Control of air pollution Water pollution control and fresh water utilization Protection of the marine
environment Land utilization and soils Nature conservation and nature reserves Improvement of environmental conditions in
areas of human settlement Fundamental research, monitoring, forecasting and assessment of environmental changes Legal and
administrative measures [go to this PAGE]
... Prevention and control of water pollution, in particular of
transboundary rivers and international lakes; techniques for the
improvement of the quality of water and further development of
ways and means for industrial and municipal sewage effluent
purification; methods of assessment of fresh water resources and
the improvement of their utilization, in particular by developing
methods of production which are less polluting and lead to less
consumption of fresh water; ...
... Environmental conditions associated with transport, housing,
working areas, urban development and planning, water supply and
sewage disposal systems; assessment of harmful effects of noise,
and noise control methods; collection, treatment and utilization
of wastes, including the recovery and recycling of materials;
research on substitutes for non-biodegradable substances; ...
... Study of changes in climate, landscapes and ecological
balances under the impact of both natural factors and human
activities; forecasting of possible genetic changes in flora and
fauna as a result of environmental pollution; harmonization of
statistical data, development of scientific concepts and systems
of monitoring networks, standardized methods of observation,
measurement and assessment of changes in the biosphere;
assessment of the effects of environmental pollution levels and
degradation of the environment upon human health; study and
development of criteria and standards for various environmental
pollutants and regulation regarding production and use of various
products; ...
... Study of changes in climate, landscapes and ecological
balances under the impact of both natural factors and human
activities; forecasting of possible genetic changes in flora and
fauna as a result of environmental pollution; harmonization of
statistical data, development of scientific concepts and systems
of monitoring networks, standardized methods of observation,
measurement and assessment of changes in the biosphere;
assessment of the effects of environmental pollution levels and
degradation of the environment upon human health; study and
development of criteria and standards for various environmental
pollutants and regulation regarding production and use of various
products; ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... promoting the progressive development, codification and
implementation of international law as one means of preserving
and enhancing the human environment, including principles and
practices, as accepted by them, relating to pollution and other
environmental damage caused by activities within the jurisdiction
or control of their States affecting other countries and regions;
...
... to advocate that within the framework of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe a study be carried out of
procedures and relevant experience relating to the activities of
Governments in developing the capabilities of their countries to
predict adequately environmental consequences of economic
activities and technological development.
...
PAGE: 6. Co-operation in other areas Development of transport [go to this PAGE]
... Development of transport ...
... Considering that the improvement of the conditions of
transport constitutes one of the factors essential to the
development of co-operation among them, ...
... Considering that it is necessary to encourage the
development of transport and the solution of existing problems by
employing appropriate national and international means, ...
... note that the speed of technical progress in the various
fields of transport makes desirable a development of co-operation
and an increase in exchanges of information among them; ...
... express their intention to encourage the development of
international inland transport of passengers and goods as well as
the possibilities of adequate participation in such transport on
the basis of reciprocal advantage; ...
PAGE: Promotion of tourism [go to this PAGE]
... Aware of the contribution made by international tourism to
the development of mutual understanding among peoples, to
increased knowledge of other countries' achievements in various
fields, as well as to economic, social and cultural progress, ...
... Recognizing the interrelationship between the development of
tourism and measures taken in other areas of economic activity, ...
... will endeavour, where possible, to ensure that the
development of tourism does not injure the environment and the
artistic, historic and cultural heritage in their respective
countries; ...
PAGE: Economic and social aspects of migrant labour [go to this PAGE]
... to regard with favour the efforts of the countries of origin
to attract the savings of migrant workers, with a view to
increasing, within the framework of their economic development,
appropriate opportunities for employment, thereby facilitating
the reintegration of these workers on their return home. ...
PAGE: Training of personnel [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the importance of the training and advanced
training of professional staff and technicians for the economic
development of every country, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the importance of their mutual economic
relations with the nonparticipating Mediterranean States, and
conscious of their common interest in the further development of
co-operation, ...
... to promote the development of good-neighbourly relations
with the non-participating Mediterranean States in conformity
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations, on which their relations are based, and with the United
Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning
Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States and accordingly,
in this context, to conduct their relations with the non-
participating Mediterranean States in the spirit of the
principles set forth in the Declaration on Principles Guiding
Relations between Participating States;
...
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
... to encourage with the non-participating Mediterranean States
the development of mutually beneficial co-operation in the
various fields of economic activity, especially by expanding
commercial exchanges, on the basis of a common awareness of the
necessity for stability and progress in trade relations, of their
mutual economic interests, and of differences in the levels of
economic development, thereby promoting their economic
advancement and well-being;
...
... to contribute to a diversified development of the economies
of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, whilst taking
due account of their national development objectives, and to
cooperate with them, especially in the sectors of industry,
science and technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more harmonious
development of economic relations;
...
... to contribute to a diversified development of the economies
of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, whilst taking
due account of their national development objectives, and to
cooperate with them, especially in the sectors of industry,
science and technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more harmonious
development of economic relations;
...
... to contribute to a diversified development of the economies
of the non-participating Mediterranean countries, whilst taking
due account of their national development objectives, and to
cooperate with them, especially in the sectors of industry,
science and technology, in their efforts to achieve a better
utilization of their resources, thus promoting a more harmonious
development of economic relations;
...
PAGE: 1. Human Contacts [go to this PAGE]
... Considering the development of contacts to be an important
element in the strengthening of friendly relations and trust
among peoples, ...
PAGE: (a) Contacts and Regular Meetings on the Basis of Family Ties [go to this PAGE]
... In order to promote further development of contacts on the
basis of family ties the participating States will favourably
consider applications for travel with the purpose of allowing
persons to enter or leave their territory temporarily, and on a
regular basis if desired, in order to visit members of their
families. ...
PAGE: (e) Improvement of Conditions for Tourism on an Individual or Collective Basis [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States consider that tourism contributes
to a fuller knowledge of the life, culture and history of other
countries, to the growth of understanding among peoples, to the
improvement of contacts and to the broader use of leisure. They
intend to promote the development of tourism, on an individual or
collective basis, and, in particular, they intend: ...
... to increase, on the basis of appropriate agreements or
arrangements where necessary, co-operation in the development of
tourism, in particular by considering bilaterally possible ways
to increase information relating to travel to other countries and
to the reception and service of tourists, and other related
questions of mutual interest.
...
PAGE: (f) Meetings among Young People [go to this PAGE]
... The participating States intend to further the development
of contacts and exchanges among young people by encouraging: ...
... the further development of youth tourism and the provision
to this end of appropriate facilities;
...
... the development, where possible, of exchanges, contacts and
co-operation on a bilateral or multilateral basis between their
organizations which represent wide circles of young people
working, training or undergoing education;
...
PAGE: 2. Information [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring, with the development of mutual understanding
between the participating States and with the further improvement
of their relations, to continue further efforts towards progress
in this field, ...
PAGE: 3. Co-operation and Exchanges in the Field of Culture [go to this PAGE]
... Desiring, with the development of mutual confidence and the
further improvement of relations between the participating
States, to continue further efforts toward progress in this
field, ...
... Convinced that such a development of their mutual relations
will contribute to the enrichment of the respective cultures,
while respecting the originality of each, as well as to the
reinforcement among them of a consciousness of common values,
while continuing to develop cultural co-operation with other
countries of the world, ...
PAGE: Extension of Relations [go to this PAGE]
... contributing to the development of direct communication and
co-operation among relevant State institutions and non-
governmental organizations, including, where necessary, such
communication and co-operation carried out on the basis of
special agreements and arrangements;
...
PAGE: Exchanges and Dissemination [go to this PAGE]
... encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable
development, and a possible harmonization among interested
parties, of the technical means used for the dissemination of
culture might have on the development of cultural co-operation
and exchanges, while keeping in view the preservation of the
diversity and originality, of their respective cultures;
...
... encouraging a study of the impact which the foreseeable
development, and a possible harmonization among interested
parties, of the technical means used for the dissemination of
culture might have on the development of cultural co-operation
and exchanges, while keeping in view the preservation of the
diversity and originality, of their respective cultures;
...
... encouraging, in the way they deem appropriate, within their
cultural policies, the further development of interest in the
cultural heritage of the other participating States, conscious of
the merits and the value of each culture;
...
PAGE: Contacts and Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... To contribute, by appropriate means, to the development of
contacts and co-operation in the various fields of culture,
especially among creative artists and people engaged in cultural
activities, in particular by making efforts to: ...
PAGE: Fields and Forms of Co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... such forms of cultural co-operation and the development of
such joint projects as:
- international events in the fields of the plastic and graphic arts, cinema, theatre, ballet, music, folklore, etc.; book fairs and exhibitions, joint performances of operatic and dramatic works, as well as performances given by soloists,
- instrumental ensembles, orchestras, choirs and other artistic groups, including those composed of amateurs, paying due attention to the organization of international cultural youth events and the exchange of young artists;
- the inclusion of works by writers and composers from the other participating States in the repertoires of soloists and artistic ensembles;
- the preparation, translation and publication of articles, studies and monographs, as well as of low-cost books and of artistic and literary collections, suited to making better known respective cultural achievements, envisaging for this purpose meetings among experts and representatives of publishing houses;
- the co-production and the exchange of films and of radio and television programmes, by promoting, in particular, meetings among producers, technicians and representatives of the public authorities with a view to working out favourable conditions for the execution of specific joint projects and by encouraging, in the field of co-production, the establishment of international filming teams;
- the organization of competitions for architects and town- planners, bearing in mind the possible implementation of the best projects and the formation, where possible, of international teams;
- the implementation of joint projects for conserving,
restoring and showing to advantage works of art, historical
and archaeological monuments and sites of cultural interest,
with the help, in appropriate cases, of international
organizations of a governmental or non-governmental
character as well as of private institutions - competent and
active in these fields - envisaging for this purpose:
- periodic meetings of experts of the interested parties to elaborate the necessary proposals, while bearing in mind the need to consider these questions in a wider social and economic context;
- the publication in appropriate periodicals of articles designed to make known and to compare, among the participating States, the most significant achievements and innovations;
- a joint study with a view to the improvement and possible harmonization of the different systems used to inventory and catalogue the historical monuments and places of cultural interest in their