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... The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, which
opened at Helsinki on 3 July 1973 and continued at Geneva from 18
September 1973 to 21 July 1975, was concluded at Helsinki on 1
August 1975 by the High Representatives of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland,
France, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of
Germany, Greece, the Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the
United Kingdom, the United States of America and Yugoslavia. ...
... Motivated by the political will, in the interest of peoples,
to improve and intensify their relations and to contribute in
Europe to peace, security, justice and co-operation as well as to
rapprochement among themselves and with the other States of the
world, ...
PAGE: Questions relating to Security in Europe [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced of the need to exert efforts to make détente both
a continuing and an increasingly viable and comprehensive
process, universal in scope, and that the implementation of the
results of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
will be a major contribution to this process; ...
... Considering that solidarity among peoples, as well as the
common purpose of the participating States in achieving the aims
as set forth by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe, should lead to the development of better and closer
relations among them in all fields and thus to overcoming the
confrontation stemming from the character of their past
relations, and to better mutual understanding; ...
... Recognizing the indivisibility of security in Europe as well
as their common interest in the development of co-operation
throughout Europe and among themselves and expressing their
intention to pursue efforts accordingly; ...
PAGE: 1. (a) Declaration on Principles Guiding Relations between Participating States [go to this PAGE]
... Reaffirming, in conformity with their membership in the
United Nations and in accordance with the purposes and principles
of the United Nations, their full and active support for the
United Nations and for the enhancement of its role and
effectiveness in strengthening international peace, security and
justice, and in promoting the solution of international problems,
as well as the development of friendly relations and co-operation
among States; ...
PAGE: V. Peaceful settlement of disputes [go to this PAGE]
... They will endeavour in good faith and a spirit of
co-operation to reach a rapid and equitable solution on the basis
of international law. ...
PAGE: VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief
[go to this PAGE]
... The participating States recognize the universal
significance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect
for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and well-
being necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations
and co-operation among themselves as among all States. ...
... They will constantly respect these rights and freedoms in
their mutual relations and will endeavour jointly and separately,
including in co-operation with the United Nations, to promote
universal and effective respect for them. ...
PAGE: IX. Co-operation among States [go to this PAGE]
... IX. Co-operation among States ...
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
... The participating States will develop their co-operation
with one another and with all States in all fields in accordance
with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
Nations. In developing their co-operation the participating
States will place special emphasis on the fields as set forth
within the framework of the Conference on Security and Co-
operation in Europe, with each of them making its contribution in
conditions of full equality. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They will endeavour, in developing their co-operation as
equals, to promote mutual understanding and confidence, friendly
and good-neighbourly relations among themselves, international
peace, security and justice. They will equally endeavour, in
developing their co-operation, to improve the well-being of
peoples and contribute to the fulfilment of their aspirations
through, inter alia, the benefits resulting from increased mutual
knowledge and from progress and achievement in the economic,
scientific, technological, social, cultural and humanitarian
fields. They will take steps to promote conditions favourable to
making these benefits available to all; they will take into
account the interest of all in the narrowing of differences in
the levels of economic development, and in particular the
interest of developing countries throughout the world. ...
... They confirm that governments, institutions, organizations
and persons have a relevant and positive role to play in
contributing toward the achievement of these aims of their
co-operation. ...
... They will strive, in increasing their co-operation as set
forth above, to develop closer relations among themselves on an
improved and more enduring basis for the benefit of peoples. ...
PAGE: X. Fulfilment in good faith of obligations under international law [go to this PAGE]
... In exercising their sovereign rights, including the right to
determine their laws and regulations, they will conform with
their legal obligations under international law; they will
furthermore pay due regard to and implement the provisions in the
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe. ...
... The participating States express their determination fully
to respect and apply these principles, as set forth in the
present Declaration, in all aspects, to their mutual relations
and co-operation in order to ensure to each participating State
the benefits resulting from the respect and application of these
principles by all. ...
... The participating States express the conviction that respect
for these principles will encourage the development of normal and
friendly relations and the progress of co-operation among them in
all fields. They also express the conviction that respect for
these principles will encourage the development of political
contacts among them which in time would contribute to better
mutual understanding of their positions and views. ...
PAGE: (b) Matters related to giving effect to certain of the above Principles (i) (ii) [go to this PAGE]
... Are resolved to pursue the examination and elaboration of a
generally acceptable method for the peaceful settlement of
disputes aimed at complementing existing methods, and to continue
to this end to work upon the "Draft Convention on a European
System for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes" submitted by
Switzerland during the second stage of the Conference on Security
and Co-operation in Europe, as well as other proposals relating
to it and directed towards the elaboration of such a method.
...
PAGE: I Prior notification of major military manoeuvres Prior notification of other military manoeuvres Exchange of observers
Prior notification of major military movements Other confidence-building measures [go to this PAGE]
... In the same spirit, further consideration will be given by
the States participating in the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe to the question of prior notification of
major military movements, bearing in mind, in particular, the
experience gained by the implementation of the measures which are
set forth in this document. ...
PAGE: III General considerations [go to this PAGE]
... Respect for the security interests of all States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe inherent in their sovereign equality;
...
... The importance that participants in negotiating fora see to
it that information about relevant developments, progress and
results is provided on an appropriate basis to other States
participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe and, in return, the justified interest of any of those
States in having their views considered.
...
PAGE: Co-operation in the Field of Economics, of Science and Technology and of the Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that their efforts to develop co-operation in the
fields of trade, industry, science and technology, the
environment and other areas of economic activity contribute to
the reinforcement of peace and security in Europe and in the
world as a whole, ...
... Recognizing that co-operation in these fields would promote
economic and social progress and the improvement of the
conditions of life, ...
... Reaffirming their will to intensify such co-operation
between one another, irrespective of their systems, ...
... Recognizing that such co-operation, with due regard for the
different levels of economic development, can be developed, on
the basis of equality and mutual satisfaction of the partners,
and of reciprocity permitting, as a whole, an equitable
distribution of advantages and obligations of comparable scale,
with respect for bilateral and multilateral agreements, ...
... Taking into account the interests of the developing
countries throughout the world, including those among the
participating countries as long as they are developing from the
economic point of view; reaffirming their will to co-operate for
the achievement of the aims and objectives established by the
appropriate bodies of the United Nations in the pertinent
documents concerning development, it being understood that each
participating State maintains the positions it has taken on them;
giving special attention to the least developed countries, ...
... Considering that the guidelines and concrete recommendations
contained in the following texts are aimed at promoting further
development of their mutual economic relations, and convinced
that their co-operation in this field should take place in full
respect for the principles guiding relations among participating
States as set forth in the relevant document, ...
PAGE: 1. Commercial Exchanges General provisions [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing that trade represents an essential sector of
their co-operation, and bearing in mind that the provisions
contained in the above preamble apply in particular to this
sector, ...
... are resolved to promote, on the basis of the modalities of
their economic co-operation, the expansion of their mutual trade
in goods and services, and to ensure conditions favourable to
such development; ...
PAGE: Economic and commercial information [go to this PAGE]
... will in addition to the above encourage the development of
the exchange of economic and commercial information through,
where appropriate, joint commissions for economic, scientific and
technical co-operation, national and joint chambers of commerce,
and other suitable bodies; ...
PAGE: Marketing [go to this PAGE]
... will encourage international co-operation in the field of
trade promotion, including marketing, and the work undertaken on
these subjects within the international bodies, in particular the
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. ...
PAGE: 2. Industrial co-operation and projects of common interest Industrial co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Industrial co-operation ...
... propose to encourage the development of industrial
co-operation between the competent organizations, enterprises and
firms of their countries; ...
... consider that industrial co-operation may be facilitated by
means of intergovernmental and other bilateral and multilateral
agreements between the interested parties; ...
... note that in promoting industrial co-operation they should
bear in mind the economic structures and the development levels
of their countries; ...
... note that industrial co-operation is implemented by means of
contracts concluded between competent organizations, enterprises
and firms on the basis of economic considerations; ...
... express their willingness to promote measures designed to
create favourable conditions for industrial co-operation; ...
... recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number of
forms of economic relations going beyond the framework of
conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts on
industrial co-operation the partners will determine jointly the
appropriate forms and conditions of co-operation, taking into
account their mutual interests and capabilities; ...
... recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number of
forms of economic relations going beyond the framework of
conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts on
industrial co-operation the partners will determine jointly the
appropriate forms and conditions of co-operation, taking into
account their mutual interests and capabilities; ...
... recognize that industrial co-operation covers a number of
forms of economic relations going beyond the framework of
conventional trade, and that in concluding contracts on
industrial co-operation the partners will determine jointly the
appropriate forms and conditions of co-operation, taking into
account their mutual interests and capabilities; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... recognize further that, if it is in their mutual interest,
concrete forms such as the following may be useful for the
development of industrial co-operation: joint production and
sale, specialization in production and sale, construction,
adaptation and modernization of industrial plants, co-operation
for the setting up of complete industrial installations with a
view to thus obtaining part of the resultant products, mixed
companies, exchanges of <know-how>, of technical information,
of patents and of licences, and joint industrial research within
the framework of specific co-operation projects; ...
... recognize that new forms of industrial co-operation can be
applied with a view to meeting specific needs; ...
... note the importance of economic, commercial, technical and
administrative information such as to ensure the development of
industrial co-operation; ...
... to improve the quality and the quantity of information
relevant to industrial co-operation, in particular the laws and
regulations, including those relating to foreign exchange,
general orientation of national economic plans and programmes as
well as programme priorities and economic conditions of the
market; and
...
... will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
including through contacts between potential partners and, where
appropriate, through joint commissions for economic, industrial,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies; ...
... will encourage all forms of exchange of information and
communication of experience relevant to industrial co-operation,
including through contacts between potential partners and, where
appropriate, through joint commissions for economic, industrial,
scientific and technical co-operation, national and joint
chambers of commerce, and other suitable bodies; ...
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and
will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and
increasing all forms of business contacts between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective
qualified personnel; ...
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and
will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and
increasing all forms of business contacts between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective
qualified personnel; ...
... consider it desirable, with a view to expanding industrial
co-operation, to encourage the exploration of co-operation
possibilities and the implementation of co-operation projects and
will take measures to this end, inter alia, by facilitating and
increasing all forms of business contacts between competent
organizations, enterprises and firms and between their respective
qualified personnel; ...
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
... note that the provisions adopted by the Conference relating
to business contacts in the economic and commercial fields also
apply to foreign organizations, enterprises and firms engaged in
industrial co-operation, taking into account the specific
conditions of this co-operation, and will endeavour to ensure, in
particular, the existence of appropriate working conditions for
personnel engaged in the implementation of co-operation projects; ...
... consider it desirable that proposals for industrial co-
operation projects should be sufficiently specific and should
contain the necessary economic and technical data, in particular
preliminary estimates of the cost of the project information on
the form of co-operation envisaged, and market possibilities, to
enable potential partners to proceed with initial studies and to
arrive at decisions in the shortest possible time; ...
... will encourage the parties concerned with industrial co-
operation to take measures to accelerate the conduct of
negotiations for the conclusion of co-operation contracts, ...
... consider it desirable to further improve conditions for the
implementation of industrial co-operation projects, in particular
with respect to: ...
... the protection of the interests of the partners in
industrial co-operation projects, including the legal protection
of the various kinds of property involved;
...
... the consideration, in ways that are compatible with their
economic systems, of the needs and possibilities of industrial
co-operation within the framework of economic policy and
particularly in national economic plans and programmes;
...
... consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding
industrial co-operation contracts, should devote due attention to
provisions concerning the extension of the necessary mutual
assistance and the provision of the necessary information during
the implementation of these contracts, in particular with a view
to attaining the required technical level and quality of the
products resulting from such co-operation; ...
... consider it desirable that the partners, when concluding
industrial co-operation contracts, should devote due attention to
provisions concerning the extension of the necessary mutual
assistance and the provision of the necessary information during
the implementation of these contracts, in particular with a view
to attaining the required technical level and quality of the
products resulting from such co-operation; ...
... recognize the usefulness of an increased participation of
small and medium sized firms in industrial co-operation projects. ...
PAGE: Projects of common interest [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that their economic potential and their natural
resources permit, through common efforts, long-term co-operation
in the implementation, including at the regional or sub-regional
level, of major that these may contribute to the speeding-up of
the economic development of the countries participating therein, ...
... Noting that the provisions adopted by the Conference
relating to industrial co-operation are also applicable to
projects of common interest, ...
... consider that the fields of energy resources, in particular,
petroleum, natural gas and coal, and the extraction and
processing of mineral raw materials, in particular, iron ore and
bauxite, are suitable ones for strengthening long-term economic
co-operation and for the development of trade which could result; ...
... consider that possibilities for projects of common interest
with a view to long-term economic co-operation also exist in the
following fields: ...
... co-operation in research for new sources of energy and, in
particular, in the field of nuclear energy;
...
... development of road networks and co-operation aimed at
establishing a coherent navigable network in Europe;
...
... co-operation in research and the perfecting of equipment for
multimodal transport operations and for the handling of
containers;
...
PAGE: 3. Provisions concerning trade and industrial co-operation Harmonization of standards [go to this PAGE]
... Recognizing the development of international harmonization
of standards and technical regulations and of international co-
operation in the field of certification as an important means of
eliminating technical obstacles to international trade and
industrial co-operation, thereby facilitating their development
and increasing productivity, ...
... consider it desirable to increase international co-operation
on standardization, in particular by supporting the activities of
intergovernmental and other appropriate organizations in this
field. ...
PAGE: Arbitration [go to this PAGE]
... Considering that the prompt and equitable settlement of
disputes which may arise from commercial transactions relating to
goods and services and contracts for industrial co-operation
would contribute to expanding and facilitating trade and co-
operation, ...
... recommend, where appropriate, to organizations, enterprises
and firms in their countries, to include arbitration clauses in
commercial contracts and industrial co-operation contracts, or in
special agreements; ...
PAGE: Specific bilateral arrangements [go to this PAGE]
... Conscious of the need to facilitate trade and to promote the
application of new forms of industrial co-operation, ...
... will consider favourably the conclusion, in appropriate
cases, of specific bilateral agreements concerning various
problems of mutual interest in the fields of commercial exchanges
and industrial co-operation, in particular with a view to
avoiding double taxation and to facilitating the transfer of
profits and the return of the value of the assets invested. ...
PAGE: 4. Science and technology [go to this PAGE]
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
... Convinced that scientific and technological co-operation
constitutes an important contribution to the strengthening of
security and co-operation among them, in that it assists the
effective solution of problems of common interest and the
improvement of the conditions of human life, ...
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
... Considering that in developing such co-operation, it is
important to promote the sharing of information and experience,
facilitating the study and transfer of scientific and
technological achievements, as well as the access to such
achievements on a mutually advantageous basis and in fields of
co-operation agreed between interested parties, ...
... Considering that it is for the potential partners, i.e. the
competent organizations, institutions, enterprises, scientists
and technologists of the participating States to determine the
opportunities for mutually beneficial co-operation and to develop
its details, ...
... Affirming that such co-operation can be developed and
implemented bilaterally and multilaterally at the governmental
and non-governmental levels, for example, through
intergovernmental and other agreements, international
programmes, cooperative projects and commercial channels, while
utilizing also various forms of contacts, including direct and
individual contacts, ...
... Aware of the need to take measures further to improve
scientific and technological co-operation between them, ...
PAGE: Possibilities for improving co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Possibilities for improving co-operation ...
... Recognize that possibilities exist for further improving
scientific and technological co-operation, and to this end,
express their intention to remove obstacles to such co-operation,
in particular through: ...
... Recognize that possibilities exist for further improving
scientific and technological co-operation, and to this end,
express their intention to remove obstacles to such co-operation,
in particular through: ...
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the improvement of opportunities for the exchange and
dissemination of scientific and technological information among
the parties interested in scientific and technological research
and co-operation including information related to the
organization and implementation of such co-operation;
...
... the expeditious implementation and improvement in
organization, including programmes, of international visits of
scientists and specialists in connexion with exchanges,
conferences and co-operation;
...
PAGE: Fields of co-operation Agriculture Energy New technologies, rational use of resources Transport technology Physics Chemistry
Meteorology and hydrology Oceanography Seismological research Research on glaciology, permafrost and problems of life under
conditions of cold Computer, communication and information technologies Space research Medicine and public health Environmental
research [go to this PAGE]
... Fields of co-operation ...
... Consider that possibilities to expand co-operation exist
within the areas given below as examples, noting that it is for
potential partners in the participating countries to identify and
develop projects and arrangements of mutual interest and benefit: ...
PAGE: Forms and methods of co-operation [go to this PAGE]
... Forms and methods of co-operation ...
... use of commercial channels and methods for identifying and
transferring technological and scientific developments, including
the conclusion of mutually beneficial co-operation arrangements
between firms and enterprises in fields agreed upon between them
and for carrying out, where appropriate, joint research and
development programmes and projects;
...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... recommend that, in developing co-operation in the field of
science and technology, full use be made of existing practices of
bilateral and multilateral co-operation, including that of a
regional or sub-regional character, together with the forms and
methods of co-operation described in this document; ...
... recommend further that more effective utilization be made of
the possibilities and capabilities of existing international
organizations, intergovernmental and non-governmental, concerned
with science and technology, for improving exchanges of
information and experience, as well as for developing other forms
of co-operation in fields of common interest, for example: ...
... in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, study
of possibilities for expanding multilateral co-operation, taking
into account models for projects and research used in various
international organizations; and for sponsoring conferences,
symposia, and study and working groups such as those which would
bring together younger scientists and technologists with eminent
specialists in their field;
...
... through their participation in particular international
scientific and technological co-operation programmes, including
those of UNESCO and other international organizations, pursuit of
continuing progress towards the objectives of such programmes,
notably those of UNISIST with particular respect to information
policy guidance, technical advice, information contributions and
data processing.
...
PAGE: 5. Environment [go to this PAGE]
... Affirming that the protection and improvement of the
environment, as well as the protection of nature and the rational
utilization of its resources in the interests of present and
future generations, is one of the tasks of major importance to
the well-being of peoples and the economic development of all
countri